Table 1.
Subject information.
Fig 1.
PCoA analysis of 84 pooled groups based on weighted UniFrac distances.
Clustering of study subjects using principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on weighted UniFrac distances. In the Bi-plot, 8 predominant genera are indicated by the size of the gray circle representing the abundance of the taxon. Each point corresponds to a group colored by (A) site, (B) residence, (C) age, or (D) gender. In the abbreviation of group names, A: adult, T: adolescent, O: elderly; F: female, M: male; U: urban populations, R: rural populations; Hb: back of hands, Is: interdigital web space, Vf: volar forearm, Af: antecubital fossa, Na: nares, Gb: glabella, Ba: back.
Fig 2.
PCoA analysis of 84 pooled groups based on unweighted UniFrac distances.
Clustering of study subjects using principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on unweighted UniFrac distances. Each point corresponds to a group colored by (A) residence, (B) site, (C) age, or (D) gender. The abbreviations and the corresponding explanations are given in Fig 1.
Table 2.
Analysis of alpha diversity.
Fig 3.
Hierarchical-clustering heat-map of the inter- and intra-groups distance.
Hierarchical-clustering heat-map of the weighted UniFrac pairwise distance between several groups and the clustering dendrogram using Euclidean distance by (A) residence, (B) site, (C) age, (D) gender, or (E) replication. Blue and Red cells represents low and high distance values, respectively. The inter- and intra-groups distances revealed community differences between groups. The abbreviations and the corresponding explanations are given in Fig 1. P1, P2, P3: three replicate sampling.
Fig 4.
The relative abundance of different bacterial genera in different groups.
All samples are combined to 12 groups (FAU, FAR, MAU, MAR, FOU, FOR, MOU, MOR, FTU, FTR, MTU, MTR) based on gender, age and residence. The abbreviations and the corresponding explanations are given in Fig 1. For example, FAU means the group involved samples that were from female (F) adults (A) living in an urban (U) area.
Fig 5.
Hierarchical-clustering heat-map of the relative abundance of the 20 most abundant bacterial genera.
Hierarchical-clustering heat-map of the relative abundance and the clustering dendrogram of different groups and the 20 most abundant bacterial genera, using Euclidean distance. Color intensity indicates abundance, ranging from black (absence), blue (low abundance) to red (high abundance). All of samples are combined to 84 groups based on age, gender, residence, and skin site. The abbreviations and the corresponding explanations are given in Fig 1. For example, M.A.R.Gb means the group involved samples which are from a rural (R) male (M) adult’s (A) glabella (Gb). Classifications are to the genus (gen), family (fam), order (ord) or class (cla) level. For each taxon, the phylum is also indicated: Act, Actinobacteria; Bac, Bacteroidetes; Cya, Cyanobacteria; Fir, Firmicutes; Pro, Proteobacteria. Taxa are classified to the highest taxonomic level to which they were confidently assigned. For the details see S3 Table.
Table 3.
Mantel-test of UniFrac matrix and skin physical parameters.