Fig 1.
Geographic locations of sample collection sites.
(map modified from Grass GIS; https://grass.osgeo.org/); red dots represent wild rice paddy soil samples, purple dots represent domesticated rice paddy soil samples, and blue dots represent other soil samples.
Table 1.
List of samples used in the study.
Fig 2.
Fish-scale decorations in rice bulliform phytoliths (Modified as per [22] [30]). a: wild rice plant and its growing environment; b: domesticated rice plant.
Fig 3.
Bulliform phytoliths in sample rice (10 um).
a-c: bulliform phytoliths from wild rice fields with <9 fish-scale decorations; d: bulliform phytoliths from wild rice field with ≥9 fish-scale decorations; e-g: bulliform phytoliths from modern rice paddies with ≥9 fish-scale decorations; h: bulliform phytolith from modern rice paddies with <9 fish-scale decorations; i: bulliform phytolith from wild rice field; j: bulliform phytolith from modern rice paddy.
Fig 4.
The proportion of bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 fish-scale decorations in samples.
Fig 5.
The proportion of bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 fish-scale decorations from different climatic regions.
WS: wild rice field soil in subtropical region; WT: wild rice field soil in tropical region. DS: domesticated rice paddy soil in subtropical region; DT: domesticated rice paddy soil in tropical region.
Table 2.
Number of samples from different climatic regions.