Fig 1.
Distribution of sampling sites. Shaded areas represent areas with permanent presence of jackals (based on [38] and [37]).
Fig 2.
STRUCTURE results: A—estimated likelihoods, ln P(D), of each number of inferred genetic clusters (bars are SD—only given when exceeding the width of dots); B—the corresponding ΔK curves as a function of K; C—ancestry of individuals, estimated for K = 2 and 3 (based on ΔK), and 6 (based on estimated likelihoods).
SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Fig 3.
Results of spatial analysis of genetic structure, using BAPS: A—assignment of specimens to four genetic clusters indicated by spatial clustering; B—admixture analysis of identified clusters.
SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Fig 4.
Results of Principal Components Analysis performed in ADEGENET.
First and second axes and corresponding eigenvalues (inset) are shown. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Table 1.
Genetic differentiation among geographical regions: SEE—south-eastern Europe (Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, northern Greece); CAU—Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Mountainous Karabakh); BAL—Baltics (Estonia, Lithuania); GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Above diagonal—genetic differentiation calculated from mtDNA haplotype frequencies, below diagonal—genetic differentiation calculated from microsatellites. Significant values (1,000 permutations; P < 0.05) are shown in bold.
Table 2.
Sample size (N) and genetic characteristics of mtDNA polymorphism in C. aureus in geographical regions and all samples: h—number of identified haplotypes; H [SD]—haplotype diversity and corresponding standard deviation; π [SD]—nucleotide diversity and corresponding standard deviation; k—average number of pairwise nucleotide differences.
SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Table 3.
Distribution of golden jackal mtDNA haplotypes in the investigated geographical regions.
Frequency in the region and overall frequencies are reported. SEE—south-eastern Europe; CAU—Caucasus; BAL—Baltics; GRE-P—Greece, Peloponnese; GRE-S—Greece, Samos Island.
Fig 5.
The minimum spanning network of mtDNA haplotypes of golden jackals sampled in this study (SEE, CAU, BAL, GRE-P, GRE-S) as well as those desposited in GenBank (Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, NW Poland, the Caucasus, and India).
The length of each line between two circles is proportional to the number of mutations.