Table 1.
Effect of auxins on callus induction from leaf explants of Andrographis lineata after 4 weeks of culture.
Fig 1.
Callus induction from mature leaf explants of Andrographis lineata on MS medium.
(A) Callus was induced from leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 IAA (Bar = 2.5 mm) after 4 weeks. (B) Schematic representation of phytochemical analysis of callus of Andrographis lineata for isolation of bioactive compounds.
Fig 2.
Structural elucidation of echioidinin (C16H12O5) by spectral analysis.
(A) 1H NMR spectra (B) 13C NMR spectra (C) Liquid chromatography mass spectra (D) Structure of echioidinin.
Fig 3.
Structural elucidation of 7–O–methylwogonin (C17H14O5) by spectral analysis.
(A) 1H NMR spectra (B) 13C NMR spectra (C) Liquid chromatography mass spectra (D) Structure of 7-O-methyl wogonin.
Fig 4.
Cytotoxicity analysis of echioidinin (ED) on leukemic cell line, CEM.
(A) Structure of ED. (B) Evaluation of cell viability using trypan blue assay following 10, 50, 100 and 250 μM of ED or DMF (control) treatment. Cells were harvested, trypan blue stained and counted every 24 h until it reached stationary phase. (C) Determination of % cell viability by MTT assay in CEM cells. Cells were cultured with 10, 50, 100 and 250 μM of ED or vehicle control for 24, 48 and 72 h. The % of cell viability was calculated considering DMF treated cells as 100% and plotted with representation of error bars. (D) Measurement of LDH release following treatment with ED. After the exposure of CEM cells with ED at different concentrations (10, 50, 100 and 250 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 h, the release of LDH was measured at 490 nm. Results are presented as percentage of LDH release. Each experiment was done three independent times with good agreement.
Fig 5.
Cytotoxicity analysis of 7-O-methylwogonin (MW) on leukemic cell line, CEM.
(A) Structure of MW. (B) Evaluation of cell viability using trypan blue assay following 10, 50, 100 and 250 μM of MW or DMF (vehicle control) treatment. Cells were harvested, trypan blue stained and counted every 24 h until it reached stationary phase. (C) Determination of % cell viability by MTT assay in CEM cells. Cells were cultured with 10, 50, 100 and 250 μM of MWor vehicle control for 24, 48 and 72 h. The % of cell viability was calculated considering DMF treated cells as 100% and plotted with representation of error bars. (D) Measurement of LDH release following treatment with MW. After the exposure of CEM cells with MW at different concentrations (10, 50, 100 and 250 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 h, the release of LDH was measured at 490 nm. Results are presented as percentage of LDH release. Each experiment was done three independent times with good agreement.