Table 1.
Demographic and anthropometric data, spirometry and EMGpara data of the 10 participants.
Fig 1.
Physiological effects of injectable opioids on individual participants.
One-minute averages of physiological data for each of the 10 individuals at baseline (0 minutes) and 3 minutes, 8 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after injectable opioid administration. VT = tidal volume, VE = minute ventilation, Vf = respiratory rate, SpO2% = oxygen saturation measurement determined by pulse oximetry, ETCO2% = end tidal breath carbon dioxide concentration (%).
Table 2.
Dosage, routes of administration, episodes of respiratory depression following injected and oral opioid medication for each participant.
Fig 2.
Airflow, parasternal electromyogram activity (EMGpara), ETCO2% and SpO2% in an individual subject (#4) at baseline and at 30 minutes after intramuscular diamorphine injection.
Airflow, parasternal electromyogram activity (EMGpara), ETCO2% and SpO2% in an individual subject (#4) at baseline and at 30 minutes after intramuscular administration of 100mg diamorphine. Note substantial reductions in EMGpara activity per breath despite relatively little change in airflow, respiratory rate, ETCO2% and SpO2%.
Fig 3.
The relationship between baseline EMGpara%index and the magnitude of the maximum change in SpO2% from baseline.
Data shown are for each individual participant. r = Spearman coefficient; a.u. = arbitrary units.
Table 3.
Participant-rated drug-related “high”, and observer-rated responses to injected and oral opioids.