Fig 1.
Surveyed area with sampling stations and locations of virus detection (red, WNV-positive; azure, USUV-positive; black, WNV- and USUV-positive) and borders of the WNV (red line) and USUV (azure line) circulation areas. On the right: volume contour (VC) of the WNV-circulation area (red) and of the USUV-circulation area (blue) estimated by kernel density estimation (KDE). The plain area and plain limit are reported in green.
Table 1.
Collected specimens per species (N), number of tested mosquitoes (Nt) and tested pools (Np), and WNV- and USUV-positive pools.
Fig 2.
WNV- and USUV-positive polls and human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND).
Mosquito pools tested positive for WNV, USUV, and WNND cases, with reference to the sampling period and region (Emilia-Romagna, red; Lombardia, green; Piemonte, yellow; Veneto, blue; and Friuli Venezia-Giulia, azure; black line represent the mosquito minimum infection rate).
Fig 3.
Nonlinear discriminant analysis (NLDA) and human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND).
Localization of WNND cases (black dots) and NLDA analysis showing the modeled distribution probability of WNV circulation (see legend for probability) in northern Italy according to the results from 78 surveyed stations. The red lines represent the 95% and 50% volume contour of the WNV-circulation area estimated by kernel density estimation (KDE).
Table 2.
Monthly average of Culex pipiens specimens, temperatures, cumulative precipitation, evapotranspiration (Evapo.), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) value inside and outside the WNV-circulation area estimated by KDE, *p<0.05 **p<0.01 according to a Kruskal-Wallis test.
The standard deviations and number of observations are reported in S2 Table.