Fig 1.
Legally protected shells for sale.
Protected marine mollusc shells for sale in Pangandaran, Indonesia, June 2013. Top: Horned helmet Cassis cornuta and chambered nautilus Nautilus pompilius. Bottom: Chambered nautilus
Table 1.
Protected shells for sale in Java.
Trade in marine shells at Pangandaran and Pasir Putih beach resorts, Java, Indonesia, in January and June 2013, with between brackets the number of stalls where the species was offered for sale. Status: protected = protected under Indonesian law since 1987, Appendix II = included on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1983, regulating all international trade.
Fig 2.
Size classes of shells in trade.
Distribution of sizes of three commonly traded protected marine mollusc shells in Pangandaran, Indonesia.
Table 2.
Large-scale seizures (>25 individuals) of three species of large marine molluscs in western Indonesia (see text for details).
Fig 3.
Protected marine molluscs shell trade networks in Java and Bali, Indonesia. Size of circles are proportional to the volume of trade: small = 10s, medium-100s, large-1000s and very large = 10,000s. Kendari is situated in south-central Sulawesi 800 km northeast of Bali.
Fig 4.
Price-size relationships for shells in trade.
Prices of horned helmet Cassis cornuta, Triton’s trumpet Charonia tritonis and chambered nautilus Nautilus pompilius shells in relation to size, in Pangandaran, Indonesia, June 2013. Prices were given in Indonesian rupiah and are here converted to the US dollar at an exchange rate of 10,000 rupiah to the dollar. Small-sized symbols indicate single shells, medium-sized indicate two shells and large-sized symbols three shells; regression lines are for horned helmet and Triton’s trumpet only.
Table 3.
Prices (in USD) of large marine mollusc shells observed in trade in Pangandaran and Pasir Putih, Java. For species where there is a price-size relationship the shell size for the lowest and highest prices is included.
Table 4.
Conservation status of marine molluscs.
The IUCN Red List status of marine molluscs traded in Java and Bali, Indonesia, with information on their maximum sizes and age of reproductive maturity. Key: n/a = not assessed, LR/cd = Lower Risk, conservation dependent, VU = Vulnerable