Fig 1.
Comparisons of personal protective equipment to prevent transmission of ebolavirus to health care workers.
Fig 2.
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram of the study selection process.
Fig 3.
Non-comparative studies of healthcare workers wearing gloves, masks, gowns, and glasses/goggles.
Abbreviations: ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HCW = healthcare worker; IgG = immunoglobulin G; IgM = immunoglobulin M; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; PPE = personal protective equipment.
Fig 4.
Virus transmission in non-comparative studies of healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment.
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; n = number of events; N = number of HCWs at risk for whom we knew the PPE worn; NR = not reported; WHO = World Health Organization. aMost studies did not provide data on all healthcare workers; only workers with available data were included. bCase reports: One report on filovirus (Martini 1969) and one on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Naderi 2011) were identified. cOne case report on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Tutuncu 2009) was identified. dOne case report on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Naderi 2011) was identified. ePPE protocol was altered during process of care; unclear whether events occurred before or after the enhanced PPE protocol was implemented.
Fig 5.
Needle stick injury in non-comparative studies of healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment.
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; n = number of events; N = number of HCWs at risk for whom we knew the PPE worn. aMost studies did not provide data on all healthcare workers; only workers with available data were included. bOne case report on filovirus (Martini 1969) was also identified. cOne case report on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Tutuncu 2009) was also identified.
Fig 6.
Other adverse events in non-comparative studies of healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment.
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; n = number of events; N = number of HCWs at risk for whom we knew the PPE worn; NR = not reported; WHO = World Health Organization. aMost studies did not provide data on all healthcare workers; only workers with available data were included.