Fig 1.
Network plots of normal adult left UL and left LL identified using AnNA.
To see similar network plots for all the other skeletal, as well all the muscular and musculoskeletal, systems of all limbs, see S1–S24 Figs (see S1 Methods for labels).
Fig 2.
Modules of the normal newborn/adult left UL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. It should be noted that the skeletal, muscular and musculoskeletal networks and modules of this left normal newborn UL are similar to the right one, and to both the left and right normal adult ULs). A, D) Skeletal network modules: in red, the wrist/metacarpals 2–5 module; in turquoise, the digit 1/metacarpal 1 module; in dark green, the digit 2 module; in dark blue, the digit 3 module; in purple, the digit 4 module; in pink, the digit 5 module; in orange, the girdle/arm/forearm module; in white, the radial sesamoid and ulnar sesamoid modules. B, E) Muscle network modules: no muscles create any modules in this network. C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in turquoise, the superficial flexor/extensor module; in purple, the arm-forearm-thumb movement module; in dark green, the digits 1-2-3 movement module; in orange, the profundus/lumbrical module; in yellow, the digits 4–5 movement module; in light green, the scapular module; and in pink, the clavicle movement module.
Table 1.
Phenotypic modules of the normal newborn/adult upper limb identified using AnNA.
Fig 3.
Modules of the normal adult left LL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. It should be noted that the skeletal, muscular and musculoskeletal networks and modules of this left normal adult LL are similar to the right one. A, D) Skeletal network modules: in light green, the cuboid/ metarsals 4–5 module; in pink, purple, dark blue and dark green, the digit 5, 4, 3 and 2 modules; in turquoise, the digit 1/metatarsal 1 module; in red, the leg/proximal ankle module; in light orange, the tarsals/metatarsals 2–3 module; in dark orange, the girdle/thigh module; in grey, the lateral sesamoid and medial sesamoid modules. B, E) Muscle network modules: in turquoise, the extensor longus/fibularis module; in orange, the flexor longus/plantae/lumbrical module. C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in turquoise, the long flexor/extensor toes module; in red, the ankle/digit 2 movement module; in magenta, the hip-thigh-leg movement module; in dark blue, the ankle movement module; in purple, the big toe movement module; in orange, the digit 3 movement module; in dark green, the digit 4 movement module; in light green, the digit 5 movement module; in pink, the distal phalanx digit 1 movement module.
Table 2.
Phenotypic modules in the lower limb of the normal adult.
Fig 4.
Modules of the normal newborn LL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. It should be noted that the skeletal, muscular and musculoskeletal networks and modules of this left normal newborn LL are similar to the right one. A, D) Skeletal network modules: in light green, the cuboid/metarsals 2-3-4-5 module; in pink, purple, dark blue and dark green, the digit 5, 4, 3 and 2 modules; in turquoise, the digit 1/metatarsal 1 module; in red, the leg/proximal ankle module; in light orange, the tarsals module; in dark orange, the girdle/thigh module; in grey, the lateral sesamoid and medial sesamoid modules. B, E) Muscle network modules: as in normal adult (see Fig 2). C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in turquoise, the long flexor/extensor toes module; in red, the ankle/digit 2 movement module; in light magenta, the hip-thigh-leg movement module; in dark magenta, the leg/ankle movement module; in purple, the big toe movement module; in orange, the digit 3 movement module; in dark green, the digit 4 movement module; in light green, the digit 5 movement module; in pink, the distal phalanx digit 1 movement module.
Table 3.
Phenotypic modules in the lower limb of the normal newborn.
Fig 5.
Modules of the T18 cyclopic fetus left UL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. A, D) Skeletal network modules: as in normal adult/newborn (see Fig 1). B, E) Muscle network modules: in dark green, the ulnar extensor module; in purple, the radial extensor module; in dark blue, the thumb module; in red, the flexor module; in orange, the profundus/lumbrical module; in light blue, the biceps/deltopectoral module; and in light green, the latissimus dorsi/teres major module. C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in blue, the forearm-thumb movement module; in purple, the digits 2–3 movement module; in turquoise, the extensor module; in red, the thumb movement module; in orange, the profundus/lumbrical module; in brown, the digit 4 movement module; in light green, the scapular module; in pink, the clavicle movement/biceps module; and in yellow, the digit 5 movement module.
Table 4.
Phenotypic modules of the T18 fetus left upper limb identified using AnNA.
Fig 6.
Modules of the T18 cyclopic fetus left LL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. A, D) Skeletal network modules: as in normal newborn (see Fig 3). B, E) Muscle network modules: in turquoise, the extensor longus/fibularis module; in orange, the flexor longus/plantae/lumbrical module; in purple, the gastrocnemius/soleus module. C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in turquoise, the long flexor/extensor toes module; in red, the ankle/digit 2 movement module; in magenta, the hip-thigh-leg movement module; in purple, the big toe movement module; in dark green, the digits 3–4 movement module; in yellow, the digit 5 movement module; in pink, the distal phalanx digit 1 movement module.
Table 5.
Phenotypic modules in the left lower limb of the T18 fetus.
Fig 7.
Modules of the T18 cyclopic fetus right UL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. A horizontal flip was done with Photoshop, so the modules of this right UL can be more easily compared with those of the left ULs shown in Figs 1 and 4. A, D) Skeletal network modules: as in normal newborn/adult (see Fig 1). B, E) Muscle network modules: in purple, the extensor carpi radialis module; in red, the flexor module; in orange, the profundus/lumbrical module; in light green, the latissimus/teres major module; and in light blue, the biceps/coracodeltopectoral module. C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in purple, the scapular/forearm-thumb movement module; in aquamarine, the flexor/extensor/lumbrical module; in red, the wrist/digits 1-2-3 movement module; in light pink, the extensor digit minimi module; and in yellow, the digits 4–5 movement module.
Table 6.
Phenotypic modules of the T18 fetus right upper limb identified using AnNA.
Fig 8.
Modules of the T18 cyclopic fetus right LL identified using AnNA.
A to C dorsal (extensor) view; D to F ventral (flexor) view. A horizontal flip was done with Photoshop, so the modules of this right UL can be more easily compared with those of the left ULs shown in Figs 2, 3 and 5. A, D) Skeletal network modules: as in normal newborn (see Fig 4). B, E) Muscle network modules: as in left T18 LL (see Fig 5). C, F) Musculoskeletal network modules: in turquoise, the ankle movement-long flexor/extensor toes module; in red, the ankle/digit 2 movement module; in magenta, the hip-thigh-leg movement module; in purple, the big toe movement module; in dark green, the digits 3–4 movement module; in light green, the digit 5 movement module; in pink, the distal phalanx digit 1 movement module.
Table 7.
Phenotypic modules in the right lower limb of the T18 fetus.