Table 1.
Baseline demographic and head motion characteristics for subjects.
Fig 1.
Map of fALFF differences among the SUC, SC, DR, WH and control groups.
There were significant fALFF differences among the five groups in the bilateral cuneus, lingual gyrus, inferior/middle occipital gyrus, calcarine, middle temporal-occipital area, fusiform, subcortical structure of left occipital lobe, subcortical structure of right temporal lobe, right posterior cingulated, and right cerebellum posterior lobe. The statistical threshold was set at P < 0.05 and a cluster size > 4158 mm3, which corresponded to a corrected P < 0.05.
Table 2.
Regions showing fALFF differences among SUC, SC, DR, WH patients and healthy controls.
Fig 2.
A: SUC vs. control. Compared with healthy controls, the SUC patients showed significantly increased fALFF values in the warm color regions, including the bilateral cuneus, bilateral lingual gyrus, bilateral superior/middle/inferior occipital gyrus, and right posterior cingulate. B: SUC vs. SC. Compared with SC patients, the SUC patients showed significantly increased fALFF values in the warm color regions of the bilateral cuneus, bilateral lingual gyrus, bilateral middle temporal-occipital area, and right fusiform gyrus. C: DR vs. controls. The DR patients showed significantly increased fALFF values in the warm color regions of the bilateral cuneus, bilateral middle occipital gyrus, bilateral fusiform, and right middle temporal-occipital area. D: DR vs. WH. Compared with WH patients, the DR patients showed significantly increased fALFF values in the warm color regions of the left cuneus, bilateral fusiform, and right middle occipital gyrus. E: SC vs. CON. Compared with the healthy controls, the SC patients showed significantly increased fALFF values in the warm color region of the left inferior occipital gyrus. In contrast, the cold color regions in the right fusiform gyrus represent the area with decreased fALFF values in SC patients compared with controls. F: WH vs. CON. The WH patients showed only showed decreased fALFF values in the cold color region of the right fusiform gyrus. The statistical threshold was set at P < 0.05 with a cluster size > 351 mm3, which corresponded to a corrected P < 0.05.
Fig 3.
Spatial overlapping maps and scatter plots showing fALFF values of overlaps.
A: SUC vs. CON and DR vs. CON. Overlap regions account for 20% of SUC vs. controls, 41.7% of DR vs. controls, and 15.9% of total respectively. The yellow parts represents brain regions with common fALFF changes between SUC vs. controls and DR vs. controls including the bilateral lingual gyrus, cuneus, inferior occipital gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, right superior occipital gyrus, subcortical structure of left occipital lobe, subcortical structure of right temporal lobe, and left fusiform. The red parts show regions with fALFF differences from comparison of SUC vs. CON only. The blue parts show regions with fALFF differences from comparison of DR vs. CON only. B: SUC vs. SC and DR vs. WH. Overlap regions account for 27.2% of SUC vs. SC, 24.7% of DR vs. WH, and 14.9% of total respectively. The yellow parts represents brain regions with common fALFF changes between SUC vs. SC and DR vs. WH were found in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus, fusiform, lingual gyrus, the right superior occipital gyrus, cuneus and cerebellum posterior lobe. The red parts show regions with fALFF differences from comparison of SUC vs. SC only. The blue parts show regions with fALFF differences from comparison of DR vs. WH only. All comparisons were restrained in the ANOVA mask. C: fALFF values of overlap with common brain activity changes between SUC vs. CON and DR vs. CON. The error bar represents the standard deviation. * P< 0.001. D: fALFF values of overlap with common brain activity changes between SUC vs. SC and DR vs. WH. The error bar represents the standard deviation. * P = 0.001, * *P< 0.001.
Fig 4.
The fALFF values of BA17 and ROC curves.
A: BA17 mask. B: A scatter plot showing fALFF values within BA17 mask in the SUC, SC, DR, WH patients and healthy controls. The error bar represents the standard deviation. * P = 0.01, ** P = 0.026. C: An ROC curve for the SUC patients and healthy controls. The cut-off point of the fALFF value for this curve was 1.15. Using this cut-off point, 9 out of 11 SUC patients and 10 out of 13 healthy controls were correctly identified, with a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 76.9%. D: An ROC curve for the SUC and SC patients with a fALFF cut-off point of 1.20. Using this cut-off point, the fALFF of BA17 could classify 8 out of 11 SUC patients and 7 out of 10 SC patients, yielding a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 70.0%.
Fig 5.
A: ANOVA results for SUC, SC and control patients. There were significant FC differences among the three groups in the warm color regions of bilateral precuneus, cingulate, superior/middle/inferior/ frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, thalamus, superior/middle/inferior occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, middle brain and right parahippocampal gyrus. B: SUC vs. controls. Compared with healthy controls, the SUC patients showed significantly positive connectivity increased changes or positive connectivity changes in the warm color regions, including the bilateral superior parietal lobule, the bilateral superior/middle occipital gyrus, and the right middle temporal gyrus, while negative connectivity increased changes or negative connectivity changes in the cold color regions, including the bilateral inferior part of precuneus, anterior cingulated gyrus, posterior cigulated gyrus, midbrain, and middle frontal gyrus. C: SC vs. controls. Compared with healthy controls, the SC patients showed significantly positive connectivity change in the warm color regions located in the subcortical structure of right frontal lobe. The cold color regions included two kinds of connectivity changes: the negative connectivity increased changes or negative connectivity changes were observed in the regions of the right middle temporal gyrus, the right fusiform, and the right parahippocampal gyrus, and the positive connectivity decreased changes were found in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus and the right lingual gyrus. D: SUC vs. SC. Compared with SC patients, the SUC patients showed significantly positive connectivity increased changes or positive connectivity changes in the warm color regions, including the bilateral superior parietal lobule, superior occipital gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, right fusiform, and right parahippocampa gyrus. Negative connectivity increased changes or negative connectivity changes were observed in the cold color regions of the bilateral inferior part of precuneus, anterior cingulated cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and thalamus. The statistical threshold was set at P < 0.05 with a cluster size > 4158 mm3 for Fig 5A and cluster size > 567 mm3 for Fig 5B–BD.