Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study population.
Fig 1.
Histogram of the daily hours spent outside the home, showing the limit at zero.
A normal distribution curve is plotted as a dashed line to show the data is approximately normally distributed except at and below zero.
Table 2.
Results of the longitudinal tobit panel model of time out-of-home (in hours per day) with 1000-fold bootstrap replicates for confidence intervals.
Fig 2.
Relationship between loneliness and time out-of-home.
a) Probability density of the hours spent outside the home as a function of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. To create this graph, the probability density function is calculated at each value of the UCLA Loneliness Scale using the output from the Tobit model (all other variables are held at their mean or most prevalent value for binary variables). Color represents density, and discrete probabilities were linearly interpolated for graphical clarity. The mean function, μ (black trace) has been overlaid on the plot to show central tendency. As can be seen, the average amount of time spent outside the home given a participant leaves the home decreases from 5.0 hours at a UCLA Loneliness score of 21 (the lowest observed) to 3.7 hours at a UCLA Loneliness score of 56 (the highest observed). b) Probability of leaving the home on a given day as a function of the UCLA Loneliness score. The probability of leaving drops by about 10% across the range of loneliness scores such that the loneliest individual has an 80% probability of leaving on any given day, while the least lonely has a 90% probability of leaving on any given day.