Fig 1.
A total of 3291 isolates of Phellinus noxius were sampled from 14 cities/counties in Taiwan.
The cities/counties and the numbers of P. noxius isolates from the areas are in italic. Different colors indicate the extent of the six geographical subpopulations: Taipei (TP), Hsinchu-Miaoli Hills (HM, including Hsinchu and Miaoli), Central West (CW, including Taichung, Changhua, and Nantou), Southern West (SW, including Yulin, Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Pintung), Yilan (YL), and East Rift Valley (EV, including Hualien and Taitung).
Table 1.
The 14 SSR primers developed in this study.
Table 2.
Summary statistics of the 14 SSR markers utilized to assess the overall 329 isolates of Phellinus noxius in Taiwan.
Table 3.
Summary statistics for the genetic diversity of the overall population and the six geographical subpopulations of Phellinus noxius.
NA: mean number of alleles per locus; AR: allelic richness averaged over loci; HO: observed heterozygosity; HS: unbiased expected heterozygosity; FIS: fixation index; FST: differentiation index; MLG: multilocus genotype.
Fig 2.
Estimated Phellinus noxius population structure in Taiwan by Bayesian genetic clustering analysis.
K is the number of genetic clusters assumed. (a) The delta K plot shows multiple peaks. (b) STRUCTURE bar plot at K = 2, 3, 5, and 7. Each bar represents an individual P. noxius isolate. The colors represent different genetic clusters, and the lengths of the colored segments in a bar represent the estimated membership proportions of that individual to each cluster.
Fig 3.
Estimated Phellinus noxius population structure in Taipei by Bayesian genetic clustering analysis.
(a) Map of the collection sites in Taipei (left: the 7 x 4 km2 area containing 92 isolates; right: the 3 x 1.2 km2 area containing 85 isolates). Dots in different colors represent P. noxius isolates of different genetic clusters. The isolates grouped in boxes are genetically highly similar. (b) The delta K plot shows a clear peak at the optimal value of K = 5. K is the number of genetic clusters assumed. (c) STRUCTURE bar plot at K = 4, 5, and 6. Each bar represents an individual P. noxius isolate. The colors represent different genetic clusters, and the lengths of the colored segments in a bar represent the estimated membership proportions of that individual to each cluster. (d) Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) for the five presumed clusters inferred by STRUCTURE analysis. The scatterplot shows only the first two principle components (PCs) accounting for 80% of the total variance. DAPC eigenvalues are illustrated in the enclosed barplot.