Fig 1.
Chromatogram obtained from GC-MS with the methanolic extracts of the Xestospongia testudinaria.
Table 1.
Chemical constituents of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract, detected by GC-MS.
Fig 2.
Total antioxidant capacity of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract at different concentrations in vitro.
Expressed as percent inhibition toward DPPH-induced oxidative stress.
Fig 3.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Results were expressed as a percentage increase in paw weight (mean ± SDM) of six rats. * Significant difference compared to carrageenan group (P ≤ 0.05). # Significant difference compared to indomethacin group (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 4.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on paw lipid peroxides (MDA) content (nmol/g tissue) measured in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Results were expressedas mean ± SDM of six rats.*Significant versus control (P ≤ 0.05). #Significant versus carrageenan (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 5.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on paw NO content (μmol/g tissue) measured in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Results were expressed as mean ± SDM of six rats. *Significant versus control (P ≤ 0.05).#Significant versus carrageenan (P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 6.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on paw GSH content (U/g tissue) measured in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Results were expressed as mean ± SDM of six rats. *Significant versus control (P ≤ 0.05). #Significant versus carrageenan (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 2.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on paw GPX, SOD and CAT enzymes activity measured in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Table 3.
Effect of Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) on plasma TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 measured in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema.
Fig 7.
Low and magnified power of rat paw sections stained by H&E, (a) Control group, E: epidermis, D: dermis with no signs of vascular congestion or inflammatory cells (dotted square) with normal capillaries (black arrows) and connective tissue dermis (stars). (b) Carrageenan group, showing marked inflammatory infiltration in the deep dermis (D), capillary dilation and congestion with neutrophils margination prior to escape into the surrounding tissue (arrows;) (c) Xestospongia testudinaria methanolic extract group, showing significant decrease of the inflammatory cells in the dermis and within blood vessels. (d) Indomethacin group, showing a decrease in both inflammatory cells infiltration and vascular congestion.