Table 1.
Site and sponge species collected from different locations within Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica.
Table 2.
Summary of the sequencing data obtained.
Fig 1.
Non-parametric Shannon and Chao1 estimator calculated with sequences rarefied to the sample with minimum sequence number (Clathria sp. with 53,038 and Myxilla (Burtonanchora) sp. with 907 sequences for Bacteria/Archaea and Eukarya, respectively). SW: surrounding seawater sample.
Fig 2.
Taxonomic distribution of assigned tag sequences of Antarctic sponge-associated and surrounding seawater (SW) microbial communities. Bars represent relative abundance of sequences belonging to given classes superior to 0.5%. (A) Bacteria/Archaea assigned with the Silva database. (B) Eukaryotes assigned with the PR2 database. MyxB: Myxilla (Burtonanchora) sp.; Clat: Clathria sp.; uDem: undetermined Demospongiae; Kvar: Kirkpatrickia variolosa; Htor: Hymeniacidon torquata; Lant: Leucetta Antarctica; HalG: Haliclona (Gellius) sp.; Mann: Megaciella annectens; SW: surrounding seawater sample.
Fig 3.
OTU distribution and clustering.
Heatmaps representing the relative abundance (50 most abundant OTUs) of bacterial/archaeal (A) and eukaryote (B) taxa associated to Antarctic sponges and the corresponding surrounding seawater microbial communities. Their most resolved taxonomic assignation is included a side each OTU. Numbers represent taxonomic resolution level of the assignation, with (2) = Phylum, (3) = Class, (4) = Order, (5) = Family and (6) = Genus. Cluster above heatmap was generated using weighted Unifrac distance and group average clustering method. Color keys represent square root of relative abundance (in percentage). MyxB: Myxilla (Burtonanchora) sp.; Clat: Clathria sp.; uDem: undetermined Demospongiae; Kvar: Kirkpatrickia variolosa; Htor: Hymeniacidon torquata; Lant: Leucetta Antarctica; HalG: Haliclona (Gellius) sp.; Mann: Megaciella annectens; SW: surrounding seawater sample.
Fig 4.
NMDS analysis of bacterial microbiota of sponges from different environments.
Analysis is based on Bray-Curtis similarities of relative abundances at phylum-level. Circles indicate similarity level of 75% based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Polar: MyxB: Myxilla (Burtonanchora) sp.; Clat: Clathria sp.; uDem: undetermined Demospongiae; Kvar: Kirkpatrickia variolosa; Htor: Hymeniacidon torquata; Lant: Leucetta Antarctica; HalG: Haliclona (Gellius) sp.; Mann: Megaciella annectens. Tropical: Eform: Erylus formosus; Acra: Aiolochroia crassa; Aful: Aplysina fulva; Acauli: Aplysina cauliformis; Eferox: Ectyoplasia ferox; Pinter: Placospongia intermedia; Hvan: Haliclona vansoesti; Ccari: Chondrilla caribensis; Cmol: Chalinula molitba; Htub: Haliclona tubifera; Mlax: Mycale laxissima;Xboc: Xestospongia bocatorensis; Nere: Niphates erecta; Acomp: Amphimedon compressa; Mlae: Mycale laevis; Aerina: Amphimedon erina; Tignis:Tedania ignis; Dethe: Dysidea etheria. Warm-temperate: Rodor: Rhopaloeides odorabile; Iram: Ircinia ramosa; Herec: Hyrtios erectus; Xtest: Xestospongia testudinaria; Caus: Cinachyrella australiensis, Sdiver: Suberites diversicolor. Cold-temperate: Rram: Raspailia ramosa; Sstup: Stelligera stuposa.