Fig 1.
Knee adduction moment curves expressed using the different reference frames.
TF, tibial frame; FF, femoral frame; LF, laboratory frame; JCS, Joint Coordinate System.
Table 1.
Knee adduction moment parameters expressed using the different reference frames during gait with flat insole and laterally wedged insole.
Table 2.
Percent changes in the knee adduction moment in response to laterally wedged insoles expressed using the different reference frames.
Fig 2.
Reduction in the knee adduction moment in response to laterally wedged insoles expressed using the different reference frames.
Extreme cases. Participant 7 (a), 13 (b) and 29 (c). TF, tibial frame; FF, femoral frame; LF, laboratory frame; JCS, Joint Coordinate System; KAM, knee adduction moment.
Fig 3.
Illustration of reference frames and ground reaction forces in the axial plane.
White arrows indicate ground reaction force in the flat insole condition, and black arrows indicate ground reaction force in the laterally wedged insole condition. TF, tibial frame; FF, femoral frame. When the reference frames are aligned parallel in the axial plane (a), the lever arm of the ground reaction force is smaller in the laterally wedged insole condition than in the flat insole condition for both TF and FF. When the reference frames are rotated with each other (e.g. external rotation of the knee)(b), the lever arm in the laterally wedged insole condition is the smaller than in the flat insole condition for TF, while the lever arm in the laterally wedged insole condition is larger than in the flat insole condition for FF.