Fig 1.
A, mounted skeleton in right lateral view and B, laid out with missing elements reconstructed before mounting. Images copyright The Natural History Museum.
Fig 2.
Maps showing the location of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry in Wyoming.
The Howe and Howe-Stephens quarries are located 41 km to the WNW of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry.
Fig 3.
Quarry map drawn during excavation of NHMUK PV R36730.
The arrow in the top right hand corner points towards north; squares are 1x1 m; numbers refer to plates in the order described below.
Fig 4.
Geological setting of the Red Canyon Ranch quarry.
A, sedimentary log of a measured section of the Morrison Formation at Red Gulch (for location see Fig 1); B, composite sketch log of the Morrison Formation exposed at the Red Canyon Ranch quarry. NHMUK R36730 was found in fine-grained sediment laterally equivalent to the mud clast conglomerate. c, coarse; congl, conglomerate; f, fine; m, medium; vf, very fine.
Table 1.
Vertebral measurements, in mm.
CD, caudal vertebrae; CV, cervical vertebrae; D, dorsal vertebrae. Centrum lengths, widths and heights represent the maximum measurement; neural canal width and height are measured posteriorly and represent the maximum measurement; neural arch height is measured vertically from the base of the neural canal to the top of the neural spine.
Fig 5.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral and D, dorsal views. Lam, lamina; mp, medial process; na, neural arch; ncs, neurocentral suture; pdp, posterodorsal process. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 6.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ap, anteriorly projecting process; dia, diapophysis; epi, epipophyses; ke, keel; ns, neural spine; od, odontoid process; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; psf, postspinal fossa. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 7.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Bul, bulge; dia, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; ipzs, interprezygapophyseal shelf; keel, ventral keel; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; psf, postspinal fossa; sw, swelling. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 8.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; keel, ventral keel; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; sw, swelling. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 9.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; keel, ventral keel; lam, lamina; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; vp, ventral process. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 10.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 11.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 12.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; rug, rugosity. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 13.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 14.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 15.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dep, longitudinal depression; ns, neural spine; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozgy, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 16.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 17.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. But, buttress; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 18.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pdf, posterior fossa on diapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 19.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; foss, fossa; ipzs, intraprezygapophyseal shelf; mr, midline ridge; nc, neural canal; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plat, platform; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 20.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 21.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; foss, fossa; ncf, fossa surrounding neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 22.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ancf, fossa surrounding neural canal on anterior surface; foss, fossa; para, parapophysis; pncf, fossa surrounding neural canal on posterior surface; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 23.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 24.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 25.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 26.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 27.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 28.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 29.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; vs, vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 30.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Dia, diapophysis; not, notch; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 31.
Photograph (A) and interpretive line drawing (B) of right side of iliosacral block in ventral view, photographed before restoration for mounting. C, right side of iliosacral block in dorsal view. C, detail of dorsosacral rib and its attachment to preacetabular process, anteromedial oblique view. D, pelvis in right lateral view, taken from the 3D photogrammetric model (S1 Fig). Ace, acetabulum; dsr, dorsosacral rib; hlf, hypertrophied lateral flange; ip, ischiadic peduncle; ns, neural spines; pap, preacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; sr, sacral ribs; sv, sacral vertebrae. Scale bars equal to 10 cm.
Fig 32.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 33.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Foss, fossa; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 34.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 35.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 36.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; keel, ventral keel. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 37.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib; ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; prezyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 38.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 39.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib; ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 40.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 41.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 42.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 43.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 44.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 45.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Chf, chevron facet; ns, neural spine. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 46.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Cr, caudal rib. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 47.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 48.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pozyg, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 49.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Ns, neural spine; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 50.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 51.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. chf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib; przyg, prezygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 52.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 53.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 54.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Pozgy, postzygapophysis. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 55.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 56.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 57.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 58.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 59.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 60.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 61.
Left cervical ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 10; J, 11; K, 13. Cap, capitulum; tub, tuberculum. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 62.
Right cervical ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 8; G, 10; H, 11; I, 12; J, 13. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 63.
Left dorsal ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 9; J, 10; K, 11; L, 12; M, 13. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 64.
Right dorsal ribs in lateral view.
A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 6; G, 7; H, 8; I, 9; J, 10; K, 11; L, 12; M, 13. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Table 2.
All measurements are maxima.
Fig 65.
A-F, chevron 27 and G-L, chevron 29 in A, G, anterior; B, H, posterior; C, I, left lateral; D, J, right lateral; E, K, ventral and F, L, dorsal views. Hc, haemal canal; ri, ridge. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Table 3.
Measurements of girdle and limb elements in mm.
All measurements are maxima.
Fig 66.
A-D, left scapulocoracoid and E-H, right scapula in A, E, lateral, B, F, medial, C, G, dorsal and D, H, ventral views. Ar, acromial ridge; bl, scapula blade; cf, coracoid foramen; cor, coracoid; glf, glenoid fossa; gr, groove; pp, scapula proximal plate; ri, ridge; tric, triceps attachment. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 67.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Dpc, deltopectoral crest; hd, humeral head; lt, latissimus tubercle; sup, supinator ridge; tr, triceps ridge; tt, triceps tubercle. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 68.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Ap, anterior process; mp, medial process; op, olecranon process; rf, radial facet. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 69.
A, anterior, B, posterior, C, medial, D, lateral, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Imr, intermuscular ridge. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 70.
A, B, right ischium and C, D, left ischium in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial views. Am, acetabular margin; ip, iliac peduncle; pp, pubic peduncle. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 71.
A, B, right pubis and C, D, left pubis in A, C, lateral and B, D, medial views. Ace, acetabular part; pop, pubic shaft; prp, prepubis. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 72.
A-F, left femur and G-L, right femur in A, G, anterior, B, H, posterior, C, I, medial, D, J, lateral, E, K, dorsal and F, L, ventral views. At, anterior trochanter; gt, greater trochanter; hd, head; ig, intercondylar groove. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 73.
A-E, left tibia and fibula and F-J, left tibia in A, F, anterior, B, G, posterior, C, H, medial, D, I, lateral, E, J, dorsal views. Note that the distal end of the tibia and fibula has been rotated and flattened relative to the proximal end, so anterior view of the proximal end is lateral view of the distal end. Ast, astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; lm, lateral malleolus; lp, lateral process; mm, medial malleolus. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 74.
Right fibula in A, anterior, B, posterior, C, lateral, D, medial, E, dorsal and F, ventral views. Scale bars equal to 10 cm.
Fig 75.
A-C, left astragalus; D-F, right astragalus, in A, D, ventral, B, E, anterior and C, F, posterior views. G-L, left calcaneum; M-R, right calcaneum, in G, M, dorsal, H, N, ventral, I, O, medial, J, P, lateral, K, Q, anterior and L, R, posterior views. Scale bars equal to 5 cm.
Fig 76.
A-F, Metatarsal 2; G-L, metatarsal 3; M-R, metatarsal 4; S-X, phalanx; Y-iv, ungual phalanx in A, G, M, S, iv, anterior, B, H, N, T, iii, posterior, C, I, O, U, i, medial, D, J, P, V, ii, lateral, E, K, Q, W, Y, dorsal and F, L, R, X, Z, ventral views. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 77.
A-F, Metatarsal 2; G-L, metatarsal 3; M-R, metatarsal 4 in A, G, M, anterior, B, H, N, posterior, C, I, O, medial, D, J, P, lateral, E, K, Q, dorsal and F, L, R, ventral views. Scale bar equal to 5 cm.
Fig 78.
A, B, plate 1; C, D, plate 2; E, F, plate 3; G, H, plate 4 in A, C, E, G, left lateral and B, D, F, H, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 79.
A, B, plate 5; C, D, plate 6 in A, C, left lateral and B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 80.
A, B, plate 7; C, D, plate 8; E, F, plate 9 in A, C, E, left lateral and B, D, F, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 81.
A, B, plate 10; C, D, plate 11 in A, C, left lateral and B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 82.
A, B, plate 12; C, D, plate 13; E, F, plate 15 in A, C, E, left lateral and B, D, F, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 83.
A, B, plate 16; C, D, plate 17; E, F, plate 18; G, H, plate 19 in A, C, E, G, left lateral and B, D, F, H, right lateral views. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Fig 84.
A, B, anterior pair; C, D, posterior pair in lateral view. Scale bar equal to 10 cm.
Table 4.
All measurements are maxima.
Table 5.
All measurements are maxima.