Fig 1.
Map includes boundaries of the Thousand Islands Marine National Park, ports and study sites from nearshore reefs (within Jakarta Bay) as well as from the outer Thousand Islands (mid- and offshore): AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Table 1.
Description of sampling sites.
Fig 2.
Benthic community composition.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Islands is given as mean cover (± SD) for total coral (A), hard coral (B), soft coral (C), acroporid (D), non-acroporid (E), dead coral (F), rubble (G), sand (H), pavement (I) and macroalgae (J) at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Consider different scales on y-axis. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Table 2.
Diversity indices for fish community.
Fig 3.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Islands is given as mean cover (± SD) for encrusting (A), foliose (B), branching (C), submassive (D) and digitate (E) corals at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Consider different scales on y-axis. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Fig 4.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Islands: Mean values (± SD) for the factors (A) temperature [°C], (B) pH, (C) salinity [PSU], (D) DO [mg/L], (E) turbidity [NTU], (F) sedimentation, the inorganic nutrients [μM/L] PO4 (G), NO3 (H), NO2 (I) as well as NH3 (J), (K) Chl a [μg/L] and (L) dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN; [μM/L] at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Fig 5.
Fish community composition: Species richness.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Islands is given as mean species richness (± SD) for the families (A) Labridae (excluding Scarinae), (B) Pomacentridae, (C) Nemipteridae, (D) labrid Scarinae, (E) Serrranidae and (F) Caesionidae at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Consider different scales on y-axis. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Fig 6.
Fish community composition: Fish abundance.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Islands is given as mean values (± SD) for the families (A) Labridae (excluding Scarinae), (B) Pomacentridae, (C) Nemipteridae, (D) labrid Scarinae, (E) Serrranidae and (F) Caesionidae at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Note the different scales on y-axis. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Fig 7.
Fish feeding guild composition.
Data for sites in Jakarta Bay (JB; grey highlighted) and outer Thousand Island is given as mean abundance (± SD) for the guilds (A) corallivores (CV), (B) herbivores (HV), (C) obligate corallivores (OCV), (D) omnivores (OV), (E) omnivore/invertivores (OVI) and (F) planktivores (PV) at each site. p-values and post hoc results for differences between sites are given for each graph. Consider different scales on y-axis. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Table 3.
Univariate analyses to test for distance-based and localized spatial trends for 5 different fish and benthic community composition groups and environmental factors.
Fig 8.
Visualization of fish and benthic community composition based on distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA).
Benthic community composition (A), coral morphology composition (B), fish community taxonomic composition (C) and fish feeding guild composition (D) are shown. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira.
Table 4.
Relation (test: RELATE) between composition groups and their proximate driving composition group.
Table 5.
Correlation of each composition group with their proximate driving composition group.
Fig 9.
Linkage tree and associated thresholds of proximate drivers that relate to the separation of A) benthic community, B) coral morphology, C) fish community taxonomic and D) fish feeding guild composition.
Thresholds at the end of each branch indicate that a left or right path respectively should be followed through the tree. B % is the absolute measure of group differences. Study sites: AB = Ayer Besar, UJ = Untung Jawa, R = Rambut, PS = Pari South, PN = Pari North, P = Panggang, C = Congkak, B = Bira. Zones are indicated by symbols: circle (nearshore), triangle (midshore), square (offshore).