Fig 1.
Loss of RA disrupts expression of axial stem cell niche markers.
Shown is a comparison of E8.25 (5-somite) wild-type (WT) and Raldh2-/- embryos. (A) Tbx6 mRNA; dotted lines indicate transverse sections through whole-mount stained embryos showing that loss of RA results in the appearance of ectopic Tbx6 expression in the caudal lateral epiblast (CLE) and expansion of Tbx6+ presomitic mesoderm along the dorsoventral axis. (B) Sox2 mRNA; dotted lines indicate transverse sections showing that loss of RA down-regulates Sox2 expression in neural plate (np); also, down-regulation in CLE is observed in whole-mount. (C) Sox1 mRNA; the bar shows that loss of RA results in loss of Sox1 expression in posterior neural tube (nt) adjoining the neural plate.
Fig 2.
RA antagonism of caudal FGF signaling rescues somitogenesis defect.
(A-B) Wild-type (WT) and Raldh2-/- embryos at the 6–9 somite stages were cultured for 12 h in the presence of SU5402 (20 micromolar) or DMSO vehicle control, then processed to visualize mRNA for Uncx gene expressed in the posterior domain of each somite [26,27] to monitor somite length along the anteroposterior axis. Somite length was compared by measuring the bars bracketing the caudal-most 5 somites generated in culture.
Fig 3.
Rdh10 mutants exhibit a small somite defect during early but not late stages.
(A) Uncx mRNA in WT, Rdh10 mutants, and Raldh2-/- embryos at the 15–16 somite stage. Numbers marking the first 6 somites of WT and Rdh10 mutants reveal a temporary shortening of somite size along the anteroposterior axis in the Rdh10 mutant; arrows mark the region displaying a much larger region of small somites in Raldh2-/- embryos. (B) Alcian blue staining of E14.5 wild-type and Rdh10 mutant embryos was performed; arrows indicate that the mutant lacks the atlas and axis vertebrae derived from somites 5 and 6, respectively.
Fig 4.
Rdh10 mutants exhibit ectopic caudal Fgf8 expression at early but not late stages.
(A) Fgf8 mRNA in 2-somite (2s) embryos. In WT, arrowheads mark the normal anterior border for caudal Fgf8 expression. In mutants, arrows mark regions of expanded Fgf8 expression within and anterior to its normal caudal domain. (B) Fgf8 mRNA in the caudal region (anterior side up) at stages somite-6 (s6) and somite-8 (s8). Dotted lines mark the normal anterior border for caudal Fgf8 expression in WT. Arrows mark regions of expanded Fgf8 expression anterior to its normal caudal domain seen for Raldh2-/- embryos but not Rdh10 mutants. CPZ, caudal progenitor zone.
Fig 5.
RA signaling in neural plate is sufficient to control somitogenesis.
(A) RA activity was visualized in embryos carrying the RARE-lacZ RA-reporter transgene using staining for beta-galactosidase activity. At the 3-somite (3s) stage RARE-lacZ expression is observed in a wild-type (WT) embryo but not in an Rdh10 mutant. At the 6s stage Rdh10 mutants exhibit RARE-lacZ expression in posterior neural tube (nt) and neural plate (np). At the 9s stage Rdh10 mutants exhibit RARE-lacZ expression in posterior neuroectoderm and intermediate mesoderm (im); (1–2) transverse sections through the regions marked with dotted lines in 9s embryos; lpm, lateral plate mesoderm; s, somitic mesoderm. At the 9s stage Raldh2-/- embryos exhibit no RARE-lacZ expression except for weak expression in the eye. (B) Shown are mouse embryos at E8.5 carrying the conditional dominant-negative RAR construct RAR403 (cond dnRAR) or embryos that carry both RAR403 and TCre expressed in mesoderm (TCre x dnRAR). RARE-lacZ expression detected by lacZ in situ hybridization (to monitor RA activity) shows that TCre-activation of RAR403 prevents RA activity in somitic mesoderm (s) but not neural tube (nt) or optic cup (op). Uncx expression shows that loss of mesodermal RA activity does not affect somite size (bars mark last 5 somites generated).
Fig 6.
RA control of Fgf8 coordinates somitogenesis with neurogenesis.
Previous studies have shown that RA pushes posterior undifferentiated cells towards differentiation [24,25,26,27]. Our studies support a model in which RA generated by either presomitic mesoderm (high amount—thick blue arrow) or posterior neuroectoderm (low amount—thin blue arrow) functions in undifferentiated neural progenitors to control both neurogenesis and somitogenesis by restricting Fgf8 expression. RA participates in a gene regulatory network in which activation of Tbx6 in the axial stem cell niche is dependent on signaling controlled by Fgf8 and Wnt3a, with Wnt3a and Fgf8 participating in an autoregulatory loop. RA restricts Fgf8 expression to provide the correct amount of both Tbx6 and Sox2 expression, with Sox2 being repressed by Tbx6 during generation of mesodermal progeny. By limiting Fgf8 expression in undifferentiated neural progenitors, RA also establishes the anterior boundary of the Fgf8 mRNA gradient in presomitic mesoderm that controls somitogenesis.