Fig 1.
Theoretical hypothesis linking hydroclimatic conditions with sociological aspects and epidemic cholera.
Table 1.
Recent cholera epidemics in the African continent.
Fig 2.
Change in air temperature for June, July and August 2008.
A positive value represents temperature higher than the 15-year average; a negative value represents temperature lower than the 15-year average.
Fig 3.
Change in precipitation for July and August 2008.
A positive value represents rainfall higher than the 15-year average; a negative value represents rainfall lower than the 15-year average.
Fig 4.
Spatial temperature change from 15-year Average for (a) June and (b) July 2008.
Fig 5.
Spatial precipitation change from 15-year Average for (a) July and (b) August 2008.
Fig 6.
Precipitation and temperature anomalies for five regions in Africa.
Black arrows on the x-axis of plots indicates month when cholera was first reported.
Fig 7.
Statistical metrics for measure of association of cholera with air temperature and precipitation in the Indus River Basin.
(Somers’D and Goodman Kruskal Gamma p-values were multiplied with 100 for comparison purposes).
Fig 8.
Calibration of the model using Mashonaland East cholera data.
(Starting week 46 represent November 13, 2008).
Fig 9.
Simulated contribution of bacteria from infected population and growth of environmental bacteria.
Fig 10.
(a) Cholera cases with no external hydroclimatic forcing and environmental bacteria reservoir; (b) Cholera cases with external hydroclimatic forcing but with no environmental bacteria reservoir. (I = 0, 10…90 indicates infected introduced in the population and I = calibrated is the simulated infected cholera cases after calibration of model).