Table 1.
Explanation of Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols.
Fig 1.
Vestibular Profiles of Upper (Left) and Lower (Right) Pinniped Permanent Dentitions.
A, B, northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), female, KUZ M10142 (KUZ, Kyoto University Museum); C, D, Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), female, KUZ M9290; E, F, ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata), male, KUZ M9575; G, H, spotted seal (Phoca largha), female, KUZ M9465, reversed mirror image. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
Table 2.
Measured Specimens.
Table 3.
Institutional Abbreviations.
Table 4.
Tooth Size Variables.
Table 5.
Explanation of Tooth Symbols.
Fig 2.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and between Sexes in Callorhinus ursinus.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Table 6. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 3.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and between Sexes in Eumetopias jubatus.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Table 7. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 4.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and between Sexes in Histriophoca fasciata.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Table 8. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 5.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and between Sexes in Phoca largha.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Table 9. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 6.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and among Male Pinniped Species.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Tables 6–9. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 7.
Arithmetic Mean and Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and among Female Pinniped Species.
A, arithmetic mean (mean); B, coefficient of variation (CV); C, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); D, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Data from Tables 6–9. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Table 6.
Statistics for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Callorhinus ursinus.
Table 7.
Statistics for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Eumetopias jubatus.
Table 8.
Statistics for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Histriophoca fasciata.
Table 9.
Statistics for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Phoca largha.
Table 10.
Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficients and Their Statistical Significance among the Arithmetic Mean, Measurement Error, and Variation and Sexual Dimorphism Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Pinniped Species.
Fig 8.
Variation Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied according to the Tooth Eruption Sequence in Pooled Sexes of Callorhinus ursinus.
A, coefficient of variation (CV); B, standard deviation of log-transformed data (SDL); C, residual of standard deviation on arithmetic mean (RSD). Variables are ordered according to the sequence of tooth eruption [47] from the first (left) to the last (right) erupting tooth. Numbers at dots are the values of indices for the corresponding variables. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 9.
Statistical Significance of Pairwise Differences between the Coefficients of Variation for Tooth Lengths or Widths within the Toothrow in Pinniped Species.
P values come from the Z-test. The coefficients of variation are shown in Tables 6–9. Abbreviations for tooth lengths and widths are explained in Table 4.
Fig 10.
Relationship between the Residual of Standard Deviation on Arithmetic Mean (RSD) and the Arithmetic Mean (mean) for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Pinniped Species.
Data from all teeth (Tables 6–9). Inset numbers represent the results of the Shapiro–Wilk test (W) and, under this test, the probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis that the data are normally distributed (P). Numbers in parentheses refer to all data except outliers from an otherwise normal distribution. These outliers are highlighted in red and labeled with the variable abbreviation (explained in Table 4).
Table 11.
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficients and Their Statistical Significance between the Sequence of Tooth Eruption and the Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variation and Sexual Dimorphism Indices for Tooth Lengths and Widths in Callorhinus ursinus.
Fig 11.
Arithmetic Mean for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and among Pinniped and Other Carnivoran Species.
A, upper teeth; B, lower teeth. Lengths are mesiodistal, widths are vestibulolingual. Tooth symbols are explained in Table 5. Family affiliations are indicated for nonpinniped species. Arithmetic mean (mean) values are averaged between sexes based on data from this study (pinnipeds) and previous investigations (Lycalopex gymnocercus, pampas fox [F. J. Prevosti, pers. comm., 26 February 2013]; Vulpes vulpes, red fox [13]; Meles meles, European badger [25]) except for P1 and P1 of M. meles, where the values are from females [53].
Fig 12.
Coefficient of Variation for Tooth Lengths and Widths Varied along the Toothrow and among Pinniped and Other Carnivoran Species.
A, upper teeth; B, lower teeth. Lengths are mesiodistal, widths are vestibulolingual. Tooth symbols are explained in Table 5. Family affiliations are indicated for nonpinniped species. Coefficient of variation (CV) values are averaged between sexes based on data from this study (pinnipeds) and previous investigations (Lycalopex gymnocercus [F. J. Prevosti, pers. comm., 25 October 2012], Vulpes vulpes [13], Meles meles [25]) except for P1 and P1 of M. meles, where CVs are from females [53]. For CVs from other land carnivoran species or other populations of the same land carnivoran species, see [12, 15, 16, 21, 24, 32, 36, 54–60]. Note that CVs based on pooled sexes [12, 14, 16, 21, 36, 54, 55, 59] can be higher than for either sex separately (they are totally or mostly higher when derived from sexually dimorphic species; compare CVs in Table 6 and Fig 8) and therefore comparing them directly with our averaged CVs can be misleading.