Fig 1.
Geographic locations of all 12 coastal meteorological stations.
Table 1.
Geographic coordinates and observation periods of all 12 coastal meteorological stations.
Fig 2.
Monthly variations of the mean wind speed at a 10-m height and wind power density for the six stations Changhai, Xingcheng, Changdao, Chengshantou, Qingdao, and Lvshi in the northernern region.
Fig 3.
Monthly variations of mean wind speed at a 10-m height and wind power density for the six stations Shengshi, Dachendao, Pingtan, Nanao, Shangchuandao, and Xisha in the southern region.
Fig 4.
Wind rose diagrams for the six stations Changhai, Xingcheng, Changdao, Chengshantou, Qingdao, and Lvshi in the northern region.
Fig 5.
Wind rose diagrams for the six stations Shengshi, Dachendao, Pingtan, Nanao, Shangchuandao, and Xisha in the southern region.
Fig 6.
Observed probability distribution of the yearly wind speeds vs. fitted probability density functions (pdfs) and cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) of the Weibull distribution and the lognormal distribution for stations of Changhai, Xingcheng, Chengshantou, and Lvshi in the northern region.
Fig 7.
Observed probability distribution of the yearly wind speeds vs. fitted probability density functions (pdfs) and cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) of the Weibull distribution and the lognormal distribution for stations of Shengshi, Dachendao, Shangchuandao, and Xisha in the southern region.
Table 2.
Estimate of parameters in Weibull distribution and lognormal distribution by fitting yearly mean wind speeds for all 12 coastal stations and the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and absolute error (AE) criterion.
Fig 8.
Observed probability distribution of the annual maximum extreme wind speeds vs. fitted probability density functions (pdfs) of the Gumbel distribution (solid lines) and the GEV distribution (dashed lines) for the stations of Changhai, Xingcheng, Chengshantou, and Lvshi in the northern region.
Fig 9.
Observed probability distribution of annual maximum extreme wind speeds vs. fitted probability density functions (pdfs) of the Gumbel distribution (solid lines) and the GEV distribution (dashed lines) for the stations of Shengshi, Dachendao, Pingtan, Nanao, Shangchuandao, and Xisha in the southern region.
Table 3.
Estimates of the parameters in the Gumbel distribution and the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution by fitting the annual maximum extreme wind speeds for all 12 coastal stations and the results of the likelihood ratio test.
Fig 10.
Return levels of the extreme wind speed predicted by the GEV distribution (solid lines) for the stations of Changhai, Xingcheng, Chengshantou, and Lvshi in the northern region.
The circles indicate the observed annual maximum extreme wind speeds, and the dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals of the GEV prediction.
Fig 11.
Return levels of extreme wind speed predicted by the GEV distribution (solid lines) for the stations of Shengshi, Dachendao, Pingtan, Nanao, Shangchuandao, and Xisha in the southern region.
The circles indicate the observed annual maximum extreme wind speeds, and the dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals of the GEV prediction.
Table 4.
Return levels of the extreme wind speed predicted by the GEV distribution for at all 12 coastal stations.
Fig 12.
Tracks of all of the tropical storms (TSs), severe tropical storms (STSs), typhoons (TYs), severe typhoons (STYs), and super typhoons (Super TYs) in China’s coastal regions from 2002 to 2011.
Table 5.
Damage of the wind turbines in coastal wind farms caused by typhoons in recent years.
The symbol “-” represents no data available.
Table 6.
Summary of landing locations of typhoons (STS, TY, STY and Super TY) in the period of 1961–2013.
The number in the table is the number of times that typhoons landed on the province. Abbreviations: super typhoon (Super TY), severe typhoon (STY), typhoon (TY), and severe tropical storm (STD).