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Fig 1.

Consort flow diagram.

CON: moderate continuous exercise, HIIE: short high-intensity interval exercise.

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Fig 1 Expand

Table 1.

Subject characteristics: BMI: body mass index.

Values are given as mean and SD.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Diabetes specific characteristics: HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; c-peptide: connecting peptide; CarbF: carbohydrate factor; TDD: total daily dose of insulin.

Values are given as mean and SD.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

(Testing day) inclusion and exclusion criteria.

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Table 3 Expand

Fig 2.

Timeline chart of the study procedure.

CGM: Continuous glucose monitoring system, ICE: Incremental exercise, LTP1: Lactate turn point 1, LTP2: Lactate turn point 2, CON: Moderate continuous exercise, HIIE: short high-intensity interval exercise.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Blood lactate (La) performance curve during the incremental exercise test.

A, B, and C represent the target mean loads for both continuous exercise and high-intensity interval exercise. LTP1: first lactate turn point; LTP2: second lactate turn point; Pmax: maximal power output. Values are given as mean and SD.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Comparison of blood lactate response (La) during high-intensity interval exercise (dotted line) vs. continuous exercise (full line) for mean exercise intensities A, B, and C.

Values are given as mean and SD. “*” represents significance.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Comparison of delta blood glucose (BG) during high-intensity interval exercise vs. continuous exercise for mean exercise intensities A, B, and C.

Values are given as mean and SD. “*” represents significance.

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Comparison of blood glucose (BG) decrease during high-intensity interval exercise (dotted line) vs. continuous exercise (full line) for exercise intensities A, B, and C.

Values are given as mean and SD.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Comparison of hormone response during high-intensity interval exercise (dotted line) vs. continuous exercise (full line) for mean exercise intensities A, B, and C.

(A) Catecholamine response. Values are given as mean and SD. (B) Glucagon, cortisol and IGF-1. IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1. Values are given as mean and SD.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

Comparison of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) response during high-intensity interval exercise (dotted line) vs. continuous exercise (full line) for mean exercise intensities A, B, and C.

Values are given as mean.

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Fig 8 Expand

Fig 9.

Comparison of heart rate (HR) response during high-intensity interval exercise (dotted line) vs. continuous exercise (full line) for mean exercise intensities A, B, and C.

Values are given as mean.

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Fig 9 Expand