Fig 1.
Monthly temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) for the period 2010–2013 from the closest meteorological station located in Figueira da Foz, at 25 km south from the study area.
Fig 2.
Tree rings of Pinus pinaster for the period 2010–2013, with the ring produced in 2013 showing an intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) in latewood.
Table 1.
Mean temperature (T), annual precipitation (P), precipitation in September (Sep P) and soil moisture in March (Mar W), August (Aug W) and September (Sep W) for the long-term mean and for each studied year.
Fig 3.
Temporal variation of different anatomical variables for the period 2010–2013.
Anatomical variables: number of cells (nCells), number of earlywood tracheids (nEw), number of latewood tracheids (nLw), number of earlywood-like tracheids within the latewood (nIADFs), cell wall thickness of the earlywood (EwCWT) and lumen diameter of latewood (LwLD). Data are the means ± 2SE and different letters indicate significant differences between years.
Fig 4.
Standardized tracheidograms for the four years (2010–2013).
The number of tracheids per ring was set to 25 and each standardize tracheidogram contains 16 tracheids in earlywood (Ew) and 9 in latewood (Lw). A) Lumen diameter (LD); B) Cell wall thickness (CWT); C) Ratio of LD to CWT (LD/CWT). The color lines represent the means and the shaded areas the 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 5.
Synchronization of the intra-ring variation of lumen diameter (LD) and sub-seasonal variation of water balance for the period 2010–2013.
Open and solid dots indicate the LD of earlywood and latewood tracheids, respectively. Red line indicates the soil moisture for each studied year. Grey line indicates the average soil moisture for the last 30 years.