Fig 1.
Pairwise comparison of constitutive BX levels in Balsas teosinte and maize.
Total 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (BX) concentrations were calculated as the sum of seven individual BX glucosides in one population of Balsas teosinte (left) and one maize inbred line (B73, right) at three different growth stages and are given as μg / g fresh weight (FW) (mean ± SE; N = 5–6). BX levels were monitored in old (blue) and young (red) leaves as indicated in the drawing to the left-hand side for growth stage L4. Note that at L2 old and young leaf were the same. Significant effects of growth stage and leaf identity on total BXs are indicated by asterisks: * P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001; ns: not significant; two-way ANOVA without growth stage L2. Chemical data for B73 has been published before [45].
Table 1.
Three-way ANOVA table on constitutive BX levels in Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Ejutla and Zea mays ssp. mays cv. B73.
Fig 2.
Constitutive BX levels in multiple representatives of teosinte and cultivated maize.
Total levels of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs) at different growth stages of two teosinte accessions (T62 and T77), a Tuxpeño landrace variety from two collection sites (Talpitita and El Cuyotomate) and two maize hybrid lines (Pactol and Delprim) were calculated as the sum of seven individual BX glucosides and are given as μg / g fresh weight (FW) (mean ± SE; N = 3–5). At each growth stage old (blue) and young (red) leaves were sampled. Note that at L2 old and young leaf were the same. The specific positions of harvested leaves are highlighted in the maize drawings. Significant effects of plant genotype and leaf identity on total BXs are denoted by asterisks: * P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001; ns: not significant; two-way ANOVA without growth stage L2. Significant differences between plant lines are indicated by different letters and derive from Holm-Sidak tests for the respective leaf type. The concentrations of Ejutla and B73 from the previous figure are included for comparison (black bars).
Fig 3.
Maysin accumulates in newly developing leaves of maize and teosinte at later growth stages.
Maysin concentrations were determined in old (blue) and young (red) leaves of two teosinte accessions (T62 and T77), a Tuxpeño landrace variety from two collection sites (Talpitita and El Cuyotomate) and two maize hybrid lines (Pactol and Delprim) at three early vegetative growth stages (L2, L4 and L6). Concentrations are given as μg / g fresh weight (FW) (mean ± SE; N = 3–5). Statistically significant effects of plant growth stage or leaf identity are denoted by asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns: not significant; two-way ANOVA without growth stage L2).
Fig 4.
Leaf toughness in maize and teosinte increases in a leaf-specific manner during early ontogeny.
Leaf toughness was measured in old (blue) and young (red) leaves of two teosinte accessions (T62 and T77), a Tuxpeño landrace variety from two collection sites (Talpitita and El Cuyotomate) and two maize hybrid lines (Pactol and Delprim) at three early vegetative growth stages (L2, L4 and L6). Leaf toughness is expressed as the force needed for penetration of the leaf blade and given in Newton (N) (mean ± SE; N = 3–5). Statistically significant effects of plant growth stage or leaf identity on leaf toughness are denoted by asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, ns: not significant; two-way ANOVA without growth stage L2).