Fig 1.
Stratigraphic repartition of the different subfamilies of specialized carnivorous mammals in Europe during the Paleocene and Eocene, with special attention to hyainailourines.
The new taxon described here, Kerberos langebadreae, is in bold. Note that currently i. the stratigraphic extension of Paroxyaena pavlovi during Priabonian is unknown [8] and ii. the age of Parapterodon is unknown but is estimated to be late Priabonian [9]. Stratigraphic scale, eustatic curve, and isotopic curves produced with TSCreator [10] from the data compiled by Gradstein et al. [11]. Abbreviations: ELMA, European Land Mammal Ages; MP, Mammal Palaeogene.
Fig 2.
Geographic map with indications of the location of the fossiliferous locality of Montespieu (MP16), where material of Kerberos langebadreae was found.
A, Localisation of the department of Tarn (France). B, Localisation of Montespieu in Tarn. B: redrawn after Laurent et al. ([25], Fig 1).
Fig 3.
Comparison of the skull in dorsal view of Hyaenodontidae (left) and Hyainailouridae (right).
See Table 1 for description of the numbered features. Left: skull of Sinopa grangeri redrawn after Matthew ([55], Fig 4); right: skull of Apterodon macrognathus redrawn after Osborn ([56]; Fig 1A).
Fig 4.
Comparison of the skull in ventral view of Hyaenodontidae (left) and Hyainailouridae (right).
See Table 1 for description of the numbered features. Left: skull of Sinopa grangeri redrawn after Matthew ([55], Fig 5); right: skull of Apterodon macrognathus redrawn after Szalay ([57]; Fig 7).
Fig 5.
Comparison of the skull in posterior (upper) and lateral (middle) views and of the mandible in labial view (lower) of Hyaenodontidae (left) and Hyainailouridae (right).
See Table 1 for description of the numbered features. Upper: skulls of Pterodon dasyuroides (right) and Hyaenodon compressus (left) redrawn after Polly ([38]; Fig 11A and 11B); middle: skulls of Limnocyon verus (left) and Apterodon macrognathus (right) redrawn respectively after Matthew ([58]; Fig 53) and Szalay ([57], Fig 6); lower: mandibles of Limnocyon verus (left) and Apterodon macrognathus (right) redrawn respectively after Matthew ([58]; Fig 53) and Szalay ([57], Fig 9).
Table 1.
Comparison of the cranial features of Hyaenodontidae and Hyainailouridae.
Fig 6.
Comparison of the geographic distribution of Hyaenodontidae (top) and Hyainailouridae (bottom).
White: no fossils recorded; Grey: limited diversity; Black: main radiation.
Fig 7.
Skull of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov (holotype, MNHN.F.EBA 517).
A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view.
Fig 8.
Occipital view of the skull of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov. (holotype, MNHN.F.EBA 517).
A, occipital view. B, drawing of the occipital view. Abbreviations: F. M., foramen magnum; Lamb. Cr., lambdoid crest; Oc., occipital; Oc. C., occipital condyle; Oc. Cr., occipital crest; P. Gl. Pr., postglenoid process; Par. Ap., paroccipial apophysis; Sag. Cr., sagittal crest; Sq., squamosal.
Fig 9.
Upper dentition of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov. (holotype, MNHN.F.EBA 517).
A, right maxilla bearing P1 and P4-M3 in occlusal view. B, left maxilla bearing P2-M3 in occlusal view.
Fig 10.
Mandible of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov. (MNHN.F.EBA 518).
A-C; MNHN.F.EBA 518a, left hemimandible bearing canine, M2-M3; A, occlusal view; B, lingual view; C, labial view. D-F, MNHN.F.EBA 518b, right hemimandible bearing P3-P4 and M2-M3; D, labial view; E, lingual view; F, occlusal view.
Fig 11.
Postcranial elements of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
A-B, fibula (right, MNHN.F.EBA 520); A, dorsal view; B, plantar view. C-E, calcaneus (right, MNHN.F.EBA 522); C, dorsal view; D, medial view; E, lateral view. F-G, astragalus (right, MNHN.F.EBA 521); F, plantar view; G, dorsal view.
Fig 12.
Postcranial elements of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
A-B, metatarsal I (MNHN.F.EBA 523); A, dorsal view; B, plantar view. C-D, metatarsal II (right MNHN.F.EBA 524); C, dorsal view; D, plantar view. E-F, metatarsal III (MNHN.F.EBA 525); E, dorsal view; F, plantar view. G-H, metatarsal II (left, MNHN.F.EBA 526); G, dorsal view; H, plantar view. I-J, middle phalanx (MNHN.F.EBA 528); I, dorsal view; J, plantar view. K-L, middle phalanx (MNHN.F.EBA 527); K, dorsal view; L, plantar view.
Table 2.
Dental measurements (in mm.) of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
Table 3.
Measurements (in mm.) of postcranial elements of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
Fig 13.
Drawings of the skull of Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov. (holotype, MNHN.F.EBA 517).
A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view. Abbreviations: Al., alisphenoid; An. C. F., anterior condyloid foramen; Bas., basisphenoid; F. M., foramen magnum; F. Ov., foramen oval; Fr., frontal; Inc. F., incisive foramen; Infr. F., infraorbital foramen; J., jugal; La., lacrimal; Mas. Ap., mastoid apophysis; Mas. Par. Ap., mastoid-paroccipital apophysis; Mas. Pr., mastoid process; Max., maxilla; Na., nasal; Oc. C., occipital condyle; Oc., occipital; Op. F., optic foramen; P. Gl. Pr., postglenoid process; Pa., parietal; Pal., palatine; Par. Ap., paroccipial apophysis; Po. F., posterior pterygoid foramen; Pr. Gl. Pr., preglenoid process; Premax., premaxilla; Sag. Cr., sagittal crest; Sq., squamosal; To. Pal., torus palatinus.
Fig 14.
Comparison of the hemimandibles in labial view of hyainailourines.
Furodon crocheti (A, left inverted, HGL 50bis-56; HGL, Hammada Gour Lazib, Algeria, Université Montpellier 2, France), Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov. (B, holotype, left inverted, MNHN.F.EBA 518b) and “Pterodon” phiomensis (C, right, AMNH 13253; AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA). Not to scale
Table 4.
Mean tooth measurements and body mass estimations.
The data concerning the Oxyaenodonta, Sinopinae and Arfiinae and Proviverrinae are from Solé et al. (2014) [17]. Abbreviations: Hyae, Hyaenodontinae; Hyai, Hyainailourinae; (M1-M3)L, M1 to M3 length. This stratigraphic repartition of H. rossignoli was chosen because the locality of Memerlin (France) where it is recorded is either MP18 or MP19 [93].
Fig 15.
Values of the ln of body mass based on molar dimensions of European oxyaenodontidans and European hyaenodonts from MP7 to MP19.
Values given in Table 4. Abbreviation: K., Kerberos.
Table 5.
Reconstructed locomotor styles and the position of the pes in several hyaenodonts.
Fig 16.
Consensuses of the first phylogenetic analysis.
A: strict consensus (135 steps long; CI 0.52; RI 0.68) of the first phylogenetic analysis of the hyainailourines which includes body size character with indications of the Bremer support values. B: relationships among several hyainailourines in the majority rule consensus (120 steps long; CI 0.59; RI 0.75) with percentages of presence of the clades among equally parsimonious trees. In bold: Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
Fig 17.
Consensuses of the second phylogenetic analysis of the hyainailourines with Leakitherium excluded.
A: strict consensus (120 steps long; CI 0.59; RI 0.75) of the second phylogenetic analysis of the hyainailourines which includes body size character with indications of the Bremer support values. B: relationships among several hyainailourines in the majority rule consensus (117 steps long; CI 0.60; RI 0.76) with percentages of presence of the clades among equally parsimonious trees. In bold: Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
Fig 18.
Strict consensus of the third phylogenetic analysis of the hyainailourines with Leakitherium and body mass character excluded.
111 steps long; CI 0.60; RI 0.76; with indications of the Bremer support values. In bold: Kerberos langebadreae gen. & sp. nov.
Fig 19.
Phylogeny of the hyainailourines with stratigraphic and climatic indications based on third phylogenetic analysis with Leakitherium deleted and body mass character excluded.
Abbreviations: Paleoc., Paleocene; Thane., Thanetian; Barton., Bartonian; Priabon., Priabonian; Aquit., Aquitanian; Lang., Langhian; Serra., Serravallian; PETM, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum; MDE, Mammal Dispersal Event; EECO, Early Eocene Climatic Optimum; MECO, Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum; Oi-1, Oligocene Oi-1 event; Mi-1, Miocene Mi-1 event; OoA, “Out of Africa” event; A., Apterodon; A. m., Apterodon macrognathus; H., Hyainailouros.
Fig 20.
Illustration of the different dispersal events supported by the hyainailourines’ distributions.
Out of Africa event 1 = Lutetian/Bartonian Dispersal Phase; Out of Africa event 2 = Bartonian/Priabonian Dispersal Phase; Out of Africa event 3 = MN3 Dispersal Phase; Out of Africa event 4 = MN4 Dispersal phase. (Global map for OoA-1 and OoA-2 is adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg and global map for OoA-3 and OoA-4 is adapted from Ron Blakey, Miocene http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/rcb7/020Marect.jpg).
