Table 1.
Fungicide and adjuvant spray treatments were applied weekly on planted fields of Phacelia tanacetifolia and Sinapis alba in screened field cages where 20 uniquely paint-marked Osmia lignaria females were nesting.
Treatment sprays occurred on the evening of days 7 (April 13) and 14 (April 20) when bees were not active. The cage experiment was conducted at The Wonderful Company in Lost Hills, California in 2011.
Table 2.
Fungicides and adjuvant spray treatments and application rates applied weekly on planted fields of Phacelia tanacetifolia in screened field cages where 20 uniquely paint-marked Megachile rotundata females were nesting.
Treatment sprays occurred on the evening of days 7 (July 5) and 14 (July 12) when bees were not active. The cage experiment was conducted at in North Logan, Utah in 2012.
Fig 1.
Mean pollen-collecting trip times by Osmia lignaria females before and after treatment applications.
Means within each treatment with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Table 3.
ANOVA results for the treatment effects on the pollen-collecting trip times, mud-collecting trip times, cell production rates per day, and the number of nest recognition attempts made to enter her own and other nests by Osmia lignaria females in cages in Lost Hills, California in 2011.
Fig 2.
Mean attempts to enter her nest and other nests by Osmia lignaria females before and after treatment applications.
Means within each treatment with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 3.
Mean pollen-collecting trip times by Megachile rotundata females before and after treatment applications.
Means within each treatment with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 4.
Mean cell production rate per day by Megachile rotundata females before and after treatment applications.
Means within each treatment with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Table 4.
ANOVA results for the treatment effects on the pollen-collecting trip time, leaf-collecting trip time, cell production rates per day, and the number of nest recognition attempts made to enter her own and other nests by Megachile rotundata females in cages in North Logan, Utah in 2012.
Fig 5.
Mean attempts to enter her nest and other nests by Megachile rotundata females before and after treatment applications.
Means within each treatment with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).