Table 1.
Predicted response of morphological and physiological variables according to the different hypotheses of the impact of urbanization on the nutritional status of free-living house sparrows.
Table 2.
Habitat characteristics of the capture sites and sample sizes.
Fig 1.
Mean ± SE (A) tarsus lengths and (B) body mass of sparrows captured in 4 sites with different levels of urbanization.
Sites are ordered from least to most urbanized (PC1 values) with two rural (CEBC and Villefollet) and two urban sites. Filled circles represent adults and open circles represent juveniles (n = 110, see Table 2 for details). Differing letters indicate statistical difference between sites for both adults and juveniles (Tukey’s HSD test).
Table 3.
Minimum adequate models when investigating the influence of capture site on several morphological parameters.
Fig 2.
Mean ± SE scaled mass index values of (A) adult and (B) juvenile sparrows captured in 4 sites with different levels of urbanization.
Sites are ordered from least to most urbanized (PC1 values) with two rural (CEBC and Villefollet) and two urban sites. Filled circles represent adults and open circles represent juveniles (n = 110, see Table 2 for details). The SMI did not significantly differ between sites as indicated by the similar letters (Tukey’s HSD test).
Fig 3.
Mean ± SE (A) fat and (B) muscle scores of sparrows captured in 4 sites with different levels of urbanization.
Sites are ordered from least to most urbanized (PC1 values) with two rural (CEBC and Villefollet) and two urban sites. Filled circles represent adults and open circles represent juveniles (n = 110, see Table 2 for details). Differing letters indicate statistical difference between sites for juveniles only (A) or for both adults and juveniles (B) (Tukey’s HSD test).
Fig 4.
Mean ± SE (A) baseline and (B) stress-induced CORT levels of sparrows captured in 4 sites with different levels of urbanization.
Sites are ordered from least to most urbanized (PC1 values) with two rural (CEBC and Villefollet) and two urban sites. Filled circles represent adults and open circles represent juveniles (n = 110, see Table 2 for details). Differing letters indicate statistical difference between sites for both adults and juveniles (Tukey’s HSD test).
Table 4.
Minimum adequate models when investigating the influence of capture site on several physiological parameters.