Table 1.
Diagnostic description of all examined species based on external morphology and common colouration schemes of voucher specimens in this analysis, with references to recent taxonomic descriptions with additional information.
Table 2.
List of voucher specimens of seven Scolopendra species and selected outgroups used in phylogenetic analyses.
Each sample includes the collecting locality, GPS co-ordinates, CUMZ registration numbers, and GenBank accession number for three selected genes (COI, 16S and 28S).
Table 3.
Characteristics of nucleotide sequence for three amplified genes and best fit models of heterogeneous nucleotide substitution for each gene calculated from jModel Test under AIC and BIC criteria.
Table 4.
Corrected distance of interspecific variation in seven Scolopendra species from COI and 16S partial gene analyses under calculation model of K-2 parameter.
Table 5.
Corrected distance of intraspecific variation in six Scolopendra species from COI, 16S and 28S partial gene analysis under calculation model of K-2 parameter.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of Scolopendra mainland Southeast Asia.
Relationships among Scolopendra and two outgroups indicated similarly both in Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) of the concatenated COI, 16S and COI partial gene analyses. Significant support values in ML and BI are indicated by three colouration circles; black circle = support both in ML and BI (above 70% bootstrap in ML and 0.95 posterior probability in BI), white circle = support only in ML, grey circle = support only in BI. The gradient colouration bars on the tree represent the genetic affinities of populations relative to morphological identification in each species.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic relationship of S. dehaani population (left) based on genetic structure among its populations relative to regional distribution in mainland Southeast Asia (middle); colours indicate the major populations. Five patterns of live colour morphs in S. dehaani were found (right); A. Dark colour morph; B. Light brownish colour morph; C. Reddish-brown body color morph, yellowish legs with reddish on distal part; D. Dichromatic pattern; cephalic plate, tergite 1, 20 and 21 reddish, tergites 2–19 brownish with yellowish legs; E. Reddish colour morph with dark band on anterior and posterior parts of tergites.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic tree of S. morsitans.
Colour gradient indicates population structure; blue gradient indicates the northern population, yellow gradient the eastern population. Scolopendra morsitans exhibited two colour morphs: colour morph 1—antenna, cephalic plate, tergites 1, 20 and 21 and ultimate legs orange; colour morph 2—antenna, cephalic plate, tergites 1, 20 and 21 and ultimate legs blackish.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic tree of S. pinguis based on genetic structure of its populations.
Colour gradient bar indicates colour morphs of sampled individuals that divide into two patterns; colour morp 1—blackish population (monochromatic); colour morph 2- yellowish—black population (dichromatic). Four live colour morph pictures depict the variability of colouration on legs of the two colour morphs in S. pinguis; colour morph 1A and 2A—animal with dark blue legs, colour morph 2A and 2B—animal with yellowish legs with blue stripes on distal part.
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic tree of S. dawydoffi and S. japonica.
Clade A, S. dawydoffi, clade B, S. japonica. In S. japonica, colour gradients indicate the colour morph of sampled individuals; colour morph 1—greenish body with reddish antenna, cephalic plate and legs; colour morph 2—greenish body with blue antenna, yellowish cephalic plate and legs.
Fig 6.
Diagram of landmark locations on three constant characters and the CV plot of individual scores on each CV axis from canonical variates analysis (CVA).
A. Cephalic plate; B. Forcipular coxosternite; C. Tergite 21. The CV plots represent the discrimination of classified individuals scored from CV axis comparison, showing comparisons of CV1 and CV2 axes (middle column) and CV2 and CV3 axes (right column)
Fig 7.
Wireframe diagram from continuous linkage of all landmark positions in three features derived from CVA scores on three axes.
CV1, CV2 and CV3 arranged vertically, respectively. In the wireframes, dotted lines represent shape changes relative to CV score moving from both negative and positive directions, solid lines represent the shape consensus in negative and positive groups.
Table 6.
Results of CV discriminant function in three selected characters; the total number and percentage of correction of leave-one-out cross validation tests in CV discriminant function are in parentheses.