Table 1.
Tephritid fruit flies selected to assess invasion risk and integrate intraspecific diversity in species distribution models.
Table 2.
Bioclimatic variables used to investigate the climatic niche of tephritid fruit flies species and lineages.
Fig 1.
Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 19 bioclimatic variables extracted from the Worldclim database [54] for Ceratitis fasciventris occurrences (see Table 2 for symbol meanings).
These multivariate analyses draw the bioclimatic envelopes of the different phylogeographic lineages belonging to C. fasciventris. Circles of correlation (a) and factorial scores of records (b) are shown. Percentages of variance explained by each PCA axis are indicated in correlation circle.
Fig 2.
Principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 19 bioclimatic variables extracted from the Worldclim database [54] for Bactrocera oleae occurrences (see Table 2 for symbol meanings).
These multivariate analyses draw the bioclimatic envelopes of the different phylogeographic lineages belonging to B. oleae as well as the invading populations in Americas. Circles of correlation (a) and factorial scores of records (b) are shown. Percentages of variance explained by each PCA axis are indicated in correlation circle.
Fig 3.
Projections of climatic suitability for six tephritid species and intraspecific lineages in Europe ((a-d) Bactrocera oleae, (e-h) Anastrepha obliqua, (i-l) Anastrepha fraterculus, (m-o) Ceratitis fasciventris, (p-r) Rhagoletis pomonella and (s) Bactrocera cucurbitae) as predicted by species distribution models (SDMs).
Species- and lineage-based SDMs were performed using the Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) [60]. Climatic suitability is shown by a color gradient, which goes from green (high probability) to light orange (low probability).
Table 3.
Measures of species distribution models overlapping among phylogeographic lineages of tephritid fruit flies.
We calculated projection overlapping by calculating the Schoener' D index, which range from 0 (no overlapping) to 1 (perfect overlapping).
Fig 4.
Projections of species- and lineage-based models (MaxEnt and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) for Bactrocera oleae in the invaded range in Americas.
Black crosses represent the occurrence of the olive fruit fly. Models were calibrated independently for the species and the different conspecific lineages. Climatic suitability is shown by a color gradient, which goes from green (high probability) to light orange (low probability).