Table 1.
List of 86 cDNA clones mapped to the Hokou gecko (Gekko hokouensis) chromosomes and their chromosomal locations in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), the water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator macromaculatus), the butterfly lizard (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata), the Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata), the green anole (Anolis carolinensis), and the chicken (Gallus gallus).
Fig 1.
Hoechst 33258-stained karyotype of female Gekko hokouensis.
Scale bar represents 10 μm.
Fig 2.
Chromosomal locations of the 18S–28S and 5S rRNA genes and (TTAGGG)n sequences in female Gekko hokouensis.
(a) Hybridization pattern of FITC-labeled 18S–28S rRNA genes (green) and rhodamine-labeled 5S rRNA genes (red). Arrows indicate FISH signals of the 18S–28S rRNA genes, and arrowheads indicate signals of the 5S rRNA genes. (b) Hybridization pattern of FITC-labeled TTAGGG repeats (green) and rhodamine-labeled 5S rRNA genes (red). Arrows indicate signals of interstitial telomeric sites, and arrowheads indicate signals of the 5S rRNA genes. Scale bars represent 10 μm.
Fig 3.
Chromosomal locations of cDNA fragments of functional genes in female Gekko hokouensis.
RBM12 was localized to chromosome 3 (GHO3) (a), ATP2A2 to GHO11 (c), SBNO1 to GHO11 (d), SOX5 to GHO14 (e), TLOC1 to GHO15 (f), TMEM57 to GHO5 (g), and WAC to GHO8 (h). (b, I, j, k, l, m, and n) Hoechst 33258-stained patterns of the PI-stained metaphase spreads are shown in (a, c, d, e, f, g, and h). Arrows indicate the hybridization signals. Scale bars indicate 10 μm for (a, b) and 5 μm for (c–h).
Fig 4.
Cytogenetic map of Gekko hokouensis, which shows chromosome homologies with the chicken and five squamate reptiles.
This map was constructed with 86 functional genes and 18S–28S and 5S rRNA genes. Chromosomal locations of ATP5A1, GHR, CHD1, DMRT1, RPS6, and ACO1/IREBP were obtained from Kawai et al. [39]. The idiogram of G. hokouensis chromosomes was constructed according to Hoechst 33258-stained band patterns. Locations of the genes on G. hokouensis chromosomes are shown to the right of the chromosomes. The chromosome numbers show the chromosomes of the chicken (Gallus gallus, GGA), green anole (Anolis carolinensis, ACA), butterfly lizard (Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, LRE), Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata, EQU), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator macromaculatus, VSA), and sand lizard (Lacerta agilis, LAG), which show homologies with G. hokouensis chromosomes. no, no data on chromosome homology; un, a gene whose chromosomal location remains undetermined. Orange highlight indicates the genes that are homologous to chromosome segments of LAG. These genes are located on LRE, EQU, or VSA microchromosomes. The chromosomal locations of genes in the squamate reptiles were obtained from the following sources: L. reevesii rubritaeniata from Srikulnath et al. [11], A. carolinensis from Alföldi et al. [14], E. quadrivirgata from Matsubara et al. [9, 10], V. salvator macromaculatus from Srikulnath et al. [12], and L. agilis from Srikulnath et al. [13].
Fig 5.
Comparative cytogenetic maps of macrochromosomes among Gekko hokouensis, Lacerta agilis, Varanus salvator macromaculatus, Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata, and Elaphe quadrivirgata, which were constructed with 68 functional genes.
The chromosome map of L. reevesii rubritaeniata (LRE) was obtained from Srikulnath et al. [11]. The idiogram of E. quadrivirgata (EQU) macrochromosomes was obtained from Matsuda et al. [8] and chromosomal locations of the genes in E. quadrivirgata, from Matsubara et al. [9, 10]. The chromosome map of V. salvator macromaculatus (VSA) and L. agilis (LAG) were obtained from Srikulnath et al. [12, 13]. G. hokouensis chromosomes GHOZ, GHO6, GHO7, GHO12, and GHO15 and LAGZ, LAG8, LAG10, VSA3, VSA6, VSA7, EQU5, and EQU7 are inverted to facilitate comparison.
Fig 6.
Schematic representation for the process of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred among Gekko hokouensis chromosomes (GHO) 3, 6–8, and 12–15 and Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata chromosomes (LRE) 3–6.
The diagram schematically summarizes the chromosomal rearrangements that occurred in LRE3, GHO13, and GHO15 (a); LRE4, GHO3, and GHO6 (b); LRE6, GHO8, and GHO12 (c); and LRE5, GHO7, and GHO14 (d). GHO6, GHO7, GHO12, and GHO15 are inverted to facilitate comparison. Chromosomal locations of the genes are shown to the right of the chromosomes by using arrowheads. Homologous chromosomes and/or chromosome segments are shown using the same color. Arrows indicate the directions of the chromosomal rearrangements.
Fig 7.
Schematic representation for the process of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred among Gekko hokouensis chromosomes (GHO) 1, 2, and Z, Lacerta agilis chromosomes (LAG) 1 and 3, and Leiolepis reevesii rubritaeniata chromosomes (LRE) 1 and 2.
The diagram schematically summarizes the occurrences of LRE1, GHO1, LAG1, and LAG3 (a); LRE2, GHO1, and GHOZ (b); and LAG1 and GHO2 (c). LAG3 in (a) and GHOZ in (b) are inverted to facilitate comparison. Chromosomal locations of the genes are shown to the right of the chromosomes by using arrowheads. Homologous chromosomes and/or chromosome segments are shown using the same color. Arrows indicate the directions of the chromosomal rearrangements.