Fig 1.
The three-dimensional finite element model of the foot and ankle and application of boundary and loading conditions.
Table 1.
Material property and mesh element type for the foot model components.
Fig 2.
Ground reaction forces and ground-shank angle recorded in the gait analysis and the three instants, first-peak, mid-stance, and second-peak, for simulation.
The three instants were marked in the curves.
Fig 3.
Cadaveric specimen of the foot and ankle.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the plantar pressure between computational prediction and experimental measurement in: A) balanced standing position, B) the first peak instant and C) the second peak instant for validation
Fig 5.
Comparison of the contact pressure at talonavicular joint between finite element prediction and cadaveric experiment measurement for validation.
Fig 6.
Comparison of the plantar pressure distribution between normal foot model and ankle arthrodesis foot model at the three instants.
Fig 7.
Comparison of the contact pressure at nine joints in the hind- and mid-foot between the normal foot model and the ankle arthrodesis foot model at the first-peak, mid-stance, and second-peak instants.
Fig 8.
Comparison of the contact forces at ten joints in the hind- and mid-foot between the normal foot model and ankle arthrodesis model at the first-peak, mid-stance, and second-peak instants.
Fig 9.
Load transfer (times of body weight) in the normal and ankle arthrodesis foot model at the first-peak instant.
Fig 10.
Comparison of von Mises stress in five metatarsal bones in normal foot model and ankle arthrodesis foot model at three instants.
Fig 11.
Angular positions of normal foot and ankle arthrodesis foot at second-peak instant in sagittal plane.