Table 1.
Sequence diversity indices in Bolivian mtDNAs.
The indices were computed using the common segment of the HVS-I region from position 16090 to 16365.
Fig 1.
Map showing the location of the Yungas region within Bolivia.
The pie charts indicate the proportions of continental ancestries on the mtDNA and biparental (AIMs) markers; exact values for continental ancestry based on AIMs are shown in S7 Table.
Fig 2.
Maximum parsimony tree of Yungas mitogenomes.
Variant calling is referred to the rCRS [39]. Mutational changes are shown along branches (those falling in the control region are in blue); mutations are transitions unless a suffix A, C, G, or T indicates a transversion. Other suffixes are: insertions (.X), synonymous substitutions (s), non-synonymous substitutions (ns), mutational changes occurring at tRNAs (~t), and mutational changes occurring at rRNAs (~r). A back mutation is represented with the prefix “@”, whereas an underlined mutation represents a recurrent mutation in the phylogeny shown in the figure. As per common practice, variants at positions 16182 and 16183, variation around position 310, and length or point heteroplasmies were not considered for phylogenetic reconstruction. The mitogenomes analyzed in the present study are indicated as red circles. Numbers in the orange squares attached to haplogroup labels indicate the number of mitogenomes within haplogroups.
Table 2.
Admixture proportions, P0, P1, and P2 (and 95% C.I) of ‘Afro-Bolivian’ mtDNA haplotypes regarding their main sources in sub-continental regions in Africa.
Fig 3.
Multidimensional Scaling (A), and admixture analysis based on AIMs (B) of the Yungas population samples. Partitioning of continental ancestry in Yungas compared to other Bolivian populations as estimated using AIMs, mtDNA, and Y-chromosome data (C).
The label “Bolivia” in (C) indicates ancestry estimates recomputed using the autosomal data generated by Taboada-Echalar et al. [25] (their Bolivians did not contain samples from the Yungas Valley) and considering the same computational procedures and reference population datasets used in the present study. In addition, Y-chromosome estimates in (C) were inferred from the data in Cárdenas et al. [21]