Fig 1.
WB403 activated TGR5 and promoted active GLP-1 secretion.
(A) WB403 stimulated hTGR5 in CRE-luciferase report system at the concentration range of 1–20 μmol/l. (B) WB403 stimulated hTGR5 specific cAMP accumulation at the concentration range of 1–50 μmol/l. n = 3. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. DMSO (+TGR5) group. (C) The hTGR5 targeted CRE-luciferase activity of WB403 and ZY403. EC50 was 5.5 μmol/l and 1.3 μmol/l for WB403 and ZY403 respectively. (D) Effect of WB403 and ZY403 on gallbladders of mice. Normal mice were fasted overnight and treated with compounds (200 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO) by ip injection. Gallbladders (GB) were removed 30 min later and volumes measured then normalized to body weight (B.W.). n = 10. **p<0.01 vs. vehicle group. (E) Structure of WB403 and ZY403. WB403 promoted GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells (F), primary enterocytes (G), and MIN6 cells (H). n = 3. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. vehicle group. (I) WB403 promoted GLP-1 in ICR mice. n = 5. **p<0.01 vs. vehicle group. Values represent mean ± SEM.
Fig 2.
Effects of WB403 on glucose tolerance during OGTT in normal and diabetic mice.
OGTT time course and AUC in normal mice (A, B), HFD/STZ mice (C, D) and db/db mice (E, F). Values represent mean ± SD (n = 10). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. vehicle group. Asterisks in A, C and E reflect significance between WB403 100 mg/kg and vehicle group.
Table 1.
The pharmacokinetic parameters of WB403 in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Fig 3.
Effects of WB403 treatment in db/db mice.
(A, B) FBG and PBG measured every week during the 4-week treatment period. (C, D) Serum levels of HbA1c, measured at the end of intervention by Adicon Clinical Laboratories (Shanghai, China) using an immunoturbidimetric assay on Beckman AU680 biochemical analyzer. (E) Average daily food intake per mouse during the treatment period. Data was collected three times per week. (F) Average daily water intake per mouse. (G) Body weight from different groups of mice. (H) Serum levels of insulin were measured at the end of intervention. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. vehicle group.
Fig 4.
WB403 improved hyperglycemia of HFD/STZ mice.
Mice were treated with different concentration of WB403, vehicle or sitagliptin. FBG (A) and PBG (B) were measured every week during the 8-week treatment period. (C, D) HbA1c levels in serum. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 8). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. vehicle group.
Fig 5.
WB403 preserved the mass of pancreatic β-cells and normal distribution of α and β-cells.
(A) H&E staining of pancreas from db/db mice, and statistical result. Islets were sized by the Image J analysis software on alternated pancreatic sections spaced each by 100 μm. (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic sections by anti-insulin antibody or anti-glucagon antibody. (C) H&E staining of pancreas from HFD/STZ mice, and statistical result. Results are representative islets from each group. 1–5 in the column graph on the right represents normal mice, diabetic mice treated with vehicle, WB403 50 mg/kg, WB403 100 mg/kg, sitagliptin 100 mg/kg respectively (n = 5). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. diabetes-vehicle group.
Fig 6.
Effect of WB403 on GPCRs related to GLP-1 secretion.
(A) GPCR expression in human NCI-H716 and mouse MIN6 cells. In NCI-H716 cells, the amplified fragment is 457bp, 190bp, 452bp, and 290bp for hGPR40, hGPR119, hGPR120, hTGR5 respectively. In MIN6 cells, the amplified fragment is 332bp, 190bp, 470bp, and 190bp for mGpr40, mGpr119, mGpr120, mTgr5 respectively. (B) WB403 at 10, 20 μmol/l had no significant stimulation effect on hGPR119 dependent cAMP accumulation. (C) WB403 at 5, 10, 50 μmol/l had no significant effect on hGPR40-Ca2+ activation. (D) WB403 at 10 or 100 μmol/l had no significant effect on hGPR120-Ca2+ activation. GSK1292263 (1 μmol/l), TAK875 (0.1 μmol/l) and linoleic acid (LA, 10 μmol/l), TUG891 (10 μmol/l) were used as positive agonist of GPR119, GPR40 and GPR120 respectively. Data are representative of three experiments.