Table 1.
Participant Demographics.
Fig 1.
Location of network regions of interests (ROIs).
(A) Default Mode Network (DMN). 1) PCC Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) 2) Left Lateral Parietal (LLP) 3) Right Lateral Parietal (RLP) 4) Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC) 5) Left Inferior Temporal Gyrus (L ITG) 6) Right Inferior Temporal Gyrus (R ITG) 7) Left Medial Temporal Lobe (L MTL) 8) Right Medial Temporal Lobe (R MTL). (B) Task Positive Network (TPN). 1) Premotor Area (PM) 2) Left Supramarginal Gyrus (L SMG) 3) Right Supramarginal Gyrus (R SMG) 4) Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (L DLPFC) 5) Right Dosolateral Prefrontal Cortex (R DLPFC). Networks consists of 10 mm spherical ROIs centered around the peak correlated voxel with the PCC for the DMN and the bilateral DLPFC for the TPN from the results of an independent control group thresholded at a voxel wise p-value of 0.001 (uncorrected) and cluster extent threshold of p-value of 0.001 (FWE).
Fig 2.
Within group rs-FC maps for control participants and mTBI patients.
(A) Default Mode Network (DMN). (B) Task Positive Network (TPN). Maps are thresholded at a voxel wise p-value of 0.001 (uncorrected) and cluster extent threshold of p-value of 0.001 using a family wise error correction for multiple comparisons.
Fig 3.
Between group contrast maps for control participants versus mTBI group in the chronic stage.
(A) DMN (B) TPN. Warm colors represent regions of increased rs-FC in the mTBI group and cool colors represent regions of reduced rs-FC in the mTBI group. Maps are thresholded at voxel wise p-value of 0.005 (uncorrected) and cluster extent threshold of p-value of 0.05 using a family wise error correction for multiple comparisons.
Table 2.
Voxel wise Group Differences.
Fig 4.
Matrices illustrating both within and between network connectivity values for the DMN and TNP for (A) Controls (B) Acute mTBI (C) Sub-acute mTBI (D) Chronic mTBI. The white boundaries separate the Default Mode Network (DMN) and the Task Positive Network (TPN) regions of interest (from top of matrix to bottom of matrix respectively). The color bar represents z-scores.
Fig 5.
Plots of average network resting state connectivity strength.
Plots of strength +/- standard error (SE) for control group and mTBI group across three time points. Average strength of network rs-FC for the (A) within Default Mode Network (rs-FC DMN) and (B) within Task Positive Network (TPN) (rs-FC TPN) and (C) between DMN and TPN (rs-FC DMN-TPN). # p <0.1, * p <0.05 compared to the control group based on analysis of covariance.
Fig 6.
Plots of average network cerebral perfusion flow (CBF).
Plots of average network CBF values for the Default Mode Network (DMN) shown in Black and the Task Positive Network (TPN) shown in gray. (A) Average network CBF values for control participants and mTBI group across the three time points. (B) Average network CBF values for post-concussive syndrome (PCS) group and non PCS mTBI group. (C) CBF ratio (TPN CBF/DMN CBF) for the PCS group and non PCS group. * p <0.05 based on paired t-tests.