Table 1.
Experimental groups established in this study.
Table 2.
Baseline body mass (g) immediately before the 2-week 1.4 g load.
Fig 1.
Photographs and a diagram of the newly-developed gondola-type short-arm centrifuge, which is equipped with 4 gondolas.
Each gondola is equipped with a white LED, an infrared LED, a video camera for monitoring the behavior of mice, and an air fan for refreshing the air.
Fig 2.
A: centrifugal force induced by centrifugation at 77 rpm in space. B: the synthetic gravity between 1 g terrestrial gravity and 1 g centrifugal force. C: the gravity gradient along the horizontal plane of the base of the cage.
Fig 3.
Typical photomicroscopic images of serial sections of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the medial vestibular nuclei (MVe), the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) obtained from Sham-1g, Sham-2g-S, and VL-2g-S.
AP: area postrema; 4V: 4th ventricle; 3V: 3rd ventricle; och: optic chiasm. −7.02 mm from the bregma for NTS, −5.88 mm from the bregma for MVe, −0.94 mm from bregma for PVN and SON.
Fig 4.
Summarized data for the numbers of Fos-labeled cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the medial vestibular nuclei (MVe), the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of Sham-1g, Sham-2g-S, Sham-2g-L, and VL-2g-S.
In each nucleus, three to seven slices were picked up from each mouse, and then averaged within a group. The number of Fos-labeled cells in the NTS was the sum of the bilateral NTS, whereas the other nuclei were unilateral. *P < 0.05 vs. Sham-1g.
Fig 5.
Posture at the onset of 2 g in a Sham (A) and a VL (B) mouse.
Fig 6.
A: Summarized data for daily measurements of body mass and food intake per 10 g of body mass during the 1-week acclimation period and the subsequent 4-week 1.4 g period. * P < 0.05 vs. Int-1g mice. B: duration for which the mice could maintain themselves on the rotarod before and after the 4-week 1.4 g load.
The open bar (Pre) and filled bar (Post) represent data obtained before and just after the 1.4 g load, respectively. * P < 0.05 vs. Pre.
Fig 7.
Summarized data for the daily changes in body mass during the 2-week 1.4 g load in the Sham (top) and the VL (bottom) mice.
* P < 0.05 vs. Int-1g.