Fig 1.
Group-level components revealed by the temporal concatenation group independent component analysis (ICA).
Four networks generated from group ICA of the resting state data were identified as the default mode network (DMN), left and right executive control network (ECN) and salience network (SN). Spatial maps were converted to z score images and then thresholded at z = 3.5 via mixture model fit. Network maps are displayed in red-yellow overlaid onto the Talairach space based on radiological convention (left = right).
Fig 2.
Significant increase in correlation between the salience network (SN) and the default mode network (DMN) (paired t-test, p = 0.0012) in the TSD vs RW states.
LECN indicates left executive control network; RECN, right executive control network. *p < 0.01, statistical significance.
Table 1.
Behavioral data in RW state and after 36 h of TSD.
Fig 3.
(a) Significant increase in sleepiness score after 36 h of TSD (paired t-test, p = 0.00011). (b) Regression plots of correlation between the salience network (SN) and the default mode network (DMN) against sleepiness score. *p < 0.01, statistical significance.
Fig 4.
Regression plots of correlation between the salience network (SN) and the default mode network (DMN) against (a) the reaction time and (b) the percent correct of 2-back working memory (WM) task.
Fig 5.
A schematic diagram of sleep deprivation, large-scale brain networks, and energy allocation.
In RW state, cognitive resources are appropriately assigned to DMN and ECN in order to meet both internal and external events. With the sleep deprived time increases, though the motivation to remain awake increases, the drive for sleep becomes stronger, leading to lapses at last.