Table 1.
Details of the Brevipalpus species sampled in this study.
These include those collected from different sites in Brazil and Mexico and also reference DNA material used for genetic comparisons.
Fig 1.
Morphological characteristics of B. yothersi.
A) Palp femur with barbed, setiform dorsal seta. B) Cuticle of the propodosoma, sc1 = scapular seta, v2 = vertical seta, white arrows show anterior and posterior reticulation. C) Dorsal cuticle of the opisthosoma, dorsal opisthosomal setae: c1, c3, d1, d3, e1, e3, f3, h1, h2; white arrow shows ‘V’ shaped reticulated area. D) Ventral view of the cuticle between aggential setae 3a and 4a, white arrow shows rounded reticulations. E) White arrow shows spermatheca. Black line represents 50 μM.
Fig 2.
Morphological characteristics of B. papayensis.
A) Palp femur with barbed, setiform dorsal seta. B) Cuticle of the propodosoma, sc1 = scapular seta, v2 = vertical seta, white arrow shows anterior and posterior reticulation. C) Dorsal cuticle of the opisthosoma, dorsal opisthosomal setae: c1, c3, d1, d3, e1, e3, f3, h1, h2; white arrow shows reticulation between setae e1 and h1 starting as transverse folds and becoming longitudinal towards h1. D) Ventral view of the cuticle between aggential setae 3a and 4a, white arrow shows reticulations forming transverse bands. E) White arrow shows spermatheca. The black line represents 50 μM.
Table 2.
Morphological characteristics used to separate B. yothersi and B. papayensis (Beard et al. [7]).
Fig 3.
Dendrogram inferred from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and neighbour joining analyses of COI data from B. yothersi and B. papayensis.
Samples in bold were collected in Brazil. Other Brevipalpus species used as reference species and Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) used as the outgroup, are labelled according to their GenBank accession numbers. Only bootstrap values above 90% with the three analyses were considered. Significance of values obtained with the three analyses are represented by asterisks (* ≥ 90%, ** ≥ 95%). G1 = group 1, G2 = group 2. Scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions after maximum likelihood analysis.
Fig 4.
The most parsimonious haplotype network for the 20 haplotypes found in B. yothersi and B. papayensis.
Colours indicate different sampling locations where each haplotype is present in Brazil and Mexico (Table 1). Haplotypes are connected with a 95% confidence limit. Each line in the network represents a single mutational change. Small circles indicate missing haplotypes. Numbers of samples per haplotype are shown in parentheses. N1-3 = network 1–3.
Table 3.
Results of AMOVA analysis of COI sequences from B. yothersi populations.