Table 1.
Gross morphology and some ecophysiological traits of unrooted carnation stem cuttings.
Fig 1.
Morphological characterization of carnation stem cutting phenotypes.
(A) A representative image of a stem cutting grown in vitro for 17 days. (B) Portable photographic bench used for image acquisition of stem cuttings grown in soil plugs at the rooting station. (C) A representative image of a stem cutting grown in soil plugs for 27 days. Dotted lines indicate the area of the image used for the morphometric analysis. (D) Image segmentation files obtained with the Gia Roots software, as described in Materials and Methods.
Fig 2.
(A) Scatter plots of vegetative stem cutting parameters as defined in Table 2. Box-plots of each parameter are also represented. (B) Histograms for CA and CCA parameters. (C) Two stem cutting images displaying similar CA values but that differ in their CCA values (in cm2). Images were obtained as described in Materials and Methods at 20 DAP.
Table 2.
Morphometric and ecophysiological parameters studied.
Fig 3.
Stem cutting morphology of carnation cultivars.
Average stem cutting (A) width and (B) perimeter values are shown for the studied cultivars. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) over time for a given cultivar. Nd: not determined. (C-D) A representative stem cutting imaged (C) 20 and (D) 27 DAP. White arrowhead points to the same leaf. Red lines are drawn to highlight leaf angles. Images were obtained as described in Materials and Methods.
Fig 4.
(A) Representative distribution of species according to SLA and GS average values. Insert: Distribution of the D. caryophyllus cultivars studied in this work. (B) Principal component analysis of ecophysiological parameters. Graphical representation of PC1 and PC2 are shown.
Fig 5.
Qualitative description of adventitious rooting in carnation stem cuttings grown in soil plugs.
(A) Rooting stages (RSG) based on visual assignment. Only samples from stage 3 onwards were used for later image analysis. (B) Graphic representation of average RSG values in different carnation cultivars over time. White asterisks highlight non-significant differences between the indicated time points for a given cultivar. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) over cultivars for a given time. Representative soil plug images of adventitious rooting in (C) a good-rooting cultivar (13-78-1 MFC), (D) an intermediate-rooting cultivar (2007 R 32) and (E) a bad-rooting cultivar (2441–7 R). Images were obtained as described in Materials and Methods at 27 DAP.
Fig 6.
Quantitative description of adventitious rooting in carnation stem cuttings grown in soil plugs.
(A) Scatter plots of some root system parameters as defined in Table 2. Data are color-clustered based on their RSG values. Box-plots of each parameter are also represented. (B) Box-plots of RA according to RSG values. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) over RSG values. Graphic representation of average (C) RA and (D) ARD values in different carnation cultivars over time. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) over cultivars for a given time. Nd: not determined.
Table 3.
Some parameters describing adventitious rooting in carnation stem cuttings grown in soil plugs.
Fig 7.
Variation in root system architecture among carnation stem cuttings grown in vitro.
For each PC, a representative image corresponding to minus or plus two times the standard deviation (−2SD and +2SD) over the mean is shown.
Fig 8.
Quantitative description of adventitious rooting in carnation stem cuttings grown in vitro.
(A) Root initiation and average root diameter (B) values are shown for the studied cultivars. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) over time for a given cultivar. (C-F) Time-course analysis of some root network parameters: (C) area, (D) root number, (F) depth, and (F) width. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.01) between the cultivars for a given time (13, 22 or 29 DAP).
Fig 9.
Time-series of adventitious rooting in some carnation cultivars grown in vitro.
A representative stem cutting was imaged between 13 and 29 DAP for each cultivar.
Table 4.
Some parameters describing adventitious rooting in carnation stem cuttings grown in vitro.