Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the UNICORN cohorts by Ethnicity.
Fig 1.
Bar chart depicting the distribution of CAD severity as the percentage of the total number of individuals per ethnic group. Triple vessel disease is significantly more common among Chinese, Indians and Malays than among Whites (p <0.001).
Fig 2.
Odds ratios of risk factors for the severity of CAD by ethnicity.
Odds ratios derived from multivariable ordinal regression analysis, depicting the strength of association between cardiovascular risk factors and CAD severity (categorized into no CAD, single vessel disease, double vessel disease and triple vessel disease). The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown for each ethnic group. A larger odds ratio indicates a stronger association between the risk factor and CAD severity. The asterisks (*) indicate significant interactions (p<0.05) of the risk factor as compared to Whites.
Fig 3.
The adjusted odds ratios of Chinese, Indian and Malay ethnicity for the severity of CAD in subgroups of the UNICORN cohort.
The adjusted association (odds ratios plus confidence intervals) of Chinese, Indian and Malay ethnicity as compared to White ethnicity for CAD severity, depicted for the total cohort and subgroups of the UNICORN cohort. The displayed odds ratios are derived from a multivariable model containing: age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, BMI, prior acute coronary syndrome, indication for coronary angiogram and use of anti-platelet medication, statins, beta-blocker and RAAS medication.
Fig 4.
Adjusted survival probability from multivariable Cox regression analysis by ethnicity.
Survival probability derived from multivariable Cox regression analysis. Ethnicity-specific curves are adjusted for: age, gender, indication for angiography, conclusion from angiography, diabetes, dyslipidemia, previous ACS, statin use, platelet inhibitor use, beta blocker use and RAAS-inhibiting medication use. White, Chinese and Indian ethnicity were significantly associated with a better survival as compared to Malay ethnicity (Whites: HR 0.4 [0.2–0.8], p = 0.009, Chinese: HR 0.5 [0.3–0.98], p = 0.044, Indians HR 0.4 [0.1–0.98], p = 0.046).