Fig 1.
Occurrence records of Chinese sea buckthorn with topography in China.
Records were collected from herbariums and published sources, providing 97 occurrence points.
Table 1.
Description of 13 climatic factors and corresponding calculated formula.
Fig 2.
Potential distribution of Chinese sea buckthorn in China and its relationships with (A) Individual provinces, (B) Occurrence records, (C) Vegetation divisions, and (D) Dry & wet divisions.
XZ (Xizang), YN (Yunnan), SC (Sichuan), QH (Qinghai), GS (Gansu), NX (Ningxia), SAX (Shaanxi), SX (Shanxi), HN (Henan), HB (Hebei), NMG (Inner Mongolia), LN (Liaoning). 1) Cold temperate deciduous needle-leaved forest region; 2) Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region; 3) Subtropical evergreen broad leaved forest region; 4) Tropical seasonal rain forest region; 5) Temperate steppe region; 6) Temperate desert region; 7) Alpine meadow and steppe region; 8) Alpine semi-desert and desert region. I) Humid region with non-distinct dry season; II) Humid region with distinct dry season; III) Semi-humid region; IV) Semi-arid region; V) Arid region; VI) Extremely arid region.
Table 2.
Climatic threshold of suitable habitat map for Chinese sea buckthorn predicted by the MaxEnt model.
Fig 3.
Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of test data and training data based on 10-fold cross validation ascending in order by AUC value.
X-axis label 1–10 represents the model code. The mean test AUC value is 0.93 and the mean training AUC value is 0.95.
Fig 4.
The relative importance of climatic factors in limiting the potential distribution of Chinese sea buckthorn.
The meanings of abbreviations of PDM, AP, CI, ART, PWM, WI, PSD, MTCM, MTWM, HI, PER, AMT, and ABT can be found in Table 1.
Fig 5.
The response curve of climatic suitability for four dominant climatic factors and their relative importance showing in the upper-left corner of each subplot.
(A) Precipitation of the driest month (PDM, mm); (B) Annual precipitation (AP, mm); (C) Coldness index (CI, °C); (D) Annual range of temperature (ART, °C); Exponential response curve (PDM, CI); Unimodal response curve (AP, ART).
Fig 6.
Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) map of novel habitat.
Coarse blue polygon represents potential distribution range of Chinese sea buckthorn using threshold of 0.5. Red color represents interpolation habitat (positive value), green color represents extrapolation habitat (negative value), and orange represents marginal habitat (near zero).
Fig 7.
Distribution pattern of Chinese sea buckthorn, monsoon climate and four Plateaus (Tibetan Plateau, Yun-Gui Plateau, Loess Plateau, and Mengolia Plateau) in China.
Grey portion represents high altitude region including Tibetan Plateau, Pamir Plateau, Tianshan Mts., and Altay Mts. Monsoon climate includes the northwest winter monsoon, the southwest summer monsoon, and the southeast summer monsoon.
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of limiting factors for Chinese sea buckthorn in China.
Coarse blue polygon represents potential distribution range of Chinese sea buckthorn using threshold of 0.5.