Table 1.
Levene's Test of unequal variance for nominal comparisons of foot strike angle (FSA).
Fig 1.
Variation in foot strike angle (FSA).
Every FSA measured for every participant, noting which are forefoot (FFS), midfoot (MFS) and rearfoot (RFS) strikes. Note the greater degree of variability in the habitually barefoot individuals.
Table 2.
GLMM analysis of variation in foot strike angle (FSA) relative to continuously distributed predictor variables.
Table 3.
GLMM analysis of effects of intrinsic, extrinsic and acquired variables on foot strike angle (FSA)*.
Fig 2.
Sources of variation in foot strike angle (FSA).
a) Regression of speed versus FSA; b) regression of measured step frequency versus FSA; c) regression of preferred stride frequency versus FSA; d) Box (standard error) and whisker (standard deviation) plot of difference in FSA on hard versus soft tracks for habitually barefoot and shod individuals (more positive values indicate more dorsiflexed FSA on soft surface; more negative values indicate more plantar flexed FSA on soft surface); x marks indicate maximum and minimum values.
Fig 3.
Foot strike angle (FSA) and running history and footwear history.
Box (standard error) and whisker (standard deviation) plots of average FSA (°) for individuals categorized by running history (a) and by footwear history (b). See text for explanation of how participants were binned into categories. In both analyses, p<0.001 (oneway ANOVA).