Fig 1.
Characterization of parental (SK) and resistant (SKTR, SKLR and SKLTR) cells.
(a) HER2 gene copy number is maintained in resistant cells. FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; HER2/CEN17 > 2 indicates HER2 gene amplification. (b) Resistant cells showed changes in the expression and activation of EGF family receptors but maintained downstream pathways activation (ERK1/2/AKT/mTOR) without affecting FASN protein expression levels. Protein expression and activation of EGFR family receptors pathways was analyzed by Western Blot. Gels shown are representative of those obtained from 3 independent experiments. (c) Mutational status of PIK3CA gene in resistant cells. Trastuzumab-resistant cells (SKTR) acquire the activating PIK3CA_E545K mutation and lapatinib- and lapatinib plus trastuzumab-resistant cells (SKLR and SKLTR) acquire the activating PIK3CA_E542K mutation. DNA sequencing of PI3K exon 9 of the resistant cells compared with the parental cells. (d) EGFR ligands are increased in resistant cells. Changes in the expression of each ligand by acquisition of resistance were assessed by real-time PCR and values were normalized against the corresponding mRNA expression of TBP constitutive gene. Then, ligands expression of trastuzumab-, lapatinib- and trastuzumab plus lapatinib-resistant cells (SKTR, SKLR, SKLTR) was compared to parental cells (SK). The bars indicate the mean fold change ± SE of two independent quantifications. Bars over the dotted line indicate an increase in the gene expression compared to the control cells, while bars under the dotted line represent impaired gene expression after the treatment. (e) Cellular adhesion and invasion capacity are increased in resistant cells. Fold-changes of resistant cells (SKTR, SKLR and SKLTR) respect to wild type SKBr3 cells (SK) in adhering to extracellular matrix proteins or in invasion capacity. Fold changes were assessed with adhesion or invasion kit assays. Experiments were performed at least twice. * (p ≤ 0.05) and ** (p ≤ 0.01) indicate levels of statistically significant difference compared with parental cells.
Fig 2.
Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab combination improves effects in SK and SKLTR.
Cells were treated with trastuzumab (20 μM), pertuzumab (5 μg/ml) and the combination of both for 5 days. Results were determined using an MTT assay and are expressed as the percentage of cell proliferation inhibition from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Columns represent % of cell proliferation inhibition after trastuzumab or pertuzumab exposure and bars SE. * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01) and *** (p ≤ 0.001) indicate levels of statistically significant difference compared with effect of the same drug in SKBr3 cells or compared with drugs administered alone (dashed line).
Fig 3.
FASN inhibitors improve pertuzumab and temsirolimus activity in parental and resistant cells.
(a) Cells were treated with pertuzumab (5 μg/ml) combined with EGCG (60 μM) or G28UCM (5 μM) for 5 days. Results were determined using an MTT assay and are expressed as ratio of inhibition of cell proliferation induced for each treatment alone versus inhibition induced for co- treatment from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Dashed lines represent the effect of each drug alone, ratio 1. (b) Cells were treated with temsirolimus (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μM) combined with EGCG (60 μM) or G28UCM (5 μM) for 2 days. Results were determined using an MTT assay and are expressed as ratio of inhibition of cell proliferation induced for each treatment alone versus inhibition induced for co- treatment from three independent experiments performed in triplicate and with several temsirolimus concentrations. Dashed lines represent the effect of each drug alone, ratio 1. * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01) and *** (p ≤ 0.001) indicate levels of statistically significant difference compared with drugs administered alone.
Fig 4.
EGCG, alone or combined with pertuzumab, inhibits tumor growth of sensitive and resistant HER2+ orthoxenopatients.
(a) Mice bearing HER2-PDX and resistant HER2-PDX (HER2-PDXR) were treated with control (C), EGCG (30 mg/kg, 3 days a week), pertuzumab (30 mg/kg, 1 day a week) or the combination (EGCG plus pertuzumab) for 24 days. Dots are mean of each experimental group and bars, SE. * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01) and *** (p ≤ 0.001). (b) Apoptosis, by TUNEL fluorescent assay, was perfomed in control (C), EGCG (E), pertuzumab (P) and combination (P+E) treated as in (A) tumors. Tumors were collected at the end of the experiment and fixed in paraffin. Pictures are representative of two samples of each group. (c) Body weight of the mice treated as in (A). Data are expressed as body weight at the end of the experiment and boxes show the 25th to 75th percentiles, whereas whiskers extend to the 5th and 95th percentiles.
Fig 5.
EGCG, alone or combined with temsirolimus, inhibits tumor growth of sensitive and resistant HER2+ orthoxenopatients.
(a) Mice bearing HER2-PDX and resistant HER2-PDX (HER2-PDXR) were treated with control (C), EGCG (30 mg/kg, 3 days a week), temsirolimus (10 mg/kg, 1 day a week) or the combination (EGCG plus temsirolimus) for 21 days. Dots are mean of each experimental group and bars, SE. * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01) and *** (p ≤ 0.001). (b) Apoptosis, by TUNEL fluorescent assay, was perfomed in control (C), EGCG (E), temsirolimus (T) and combination (T+E) treated as in (A) tumors. Tumors were collected at the end of the experiment and fixed in formalin. Pictures are representative of two samples of each group. (c) Body weight of the mice treated as in (A). Data are expressed as body weight at the end of the experiment and boxes show the 25th to 75th percentiles, whereas whiskers extend to the 5th and 95th percentiles.