Table 1.
Summary of analyses and results of field surveys conducted with different olive tissues collected in four phenological phases from nine different trees located in three different farms.
Fig 1.
Rarefaction curves at a genetic distance of 3%.
Determined for May leaves (ML), June leaves (JL), October leaves (OL), December leaves (DL), May flowers (MFl), June fertilized fruitlets (JFr), December asymptomatic fruits (DAFr) and December symptomatic fruits (DSFr).
Fig 2.
Venn Diagrams reporting the number of OTUs shared among investigated olive sample types in different possible combinations.
Analyzed samples included May leaves (ML), June leaves (JL), October leaves (OL), December leaves (DL), May flowers (MFl), June fertilized fruitlets (JFr), December asymptomatic fruits (DAFr) and December symptomatic fruits (DSFr).
Fig 3.
Unweighted UniFrac distance PCoA (A) and Jackknife dendrogram (B) of fungal communities.
Associated with May leaves (ML), June leaves (JL), October leaves (OL), December leaves (DL), May flowers (MFl), June fertilized fruitlets (JFr), December asymptomatic fruits (DAFr) and December symptomatic fruits (DSFr). In B red and yellow colors of nodes indicate 75–100% and 50–75% of bootstrap support, respectively.
Fig 4.
Relative abundance of different fungal phyla (top) and classes (bottom).
Detected in May leaves (ML), June leaves (JL), October leaves (OL), December leaves (DL), May flowers (MFl), June fertilized fruitlets (JFr), December asymptomatic fruits (DAFr) and December symptomatic fruits (DSFr).
Fig 5.
Relative abundance of fungal genera.
Detected in May leaves (ML), June leaves (JL), October leaves (OL), December leaves (DL), May flowers (MFl), June fertilized fruitlets (JFr), December asymptomatic fruits (DAFr) and December symptomatic fruits (DSFr). Fungal genera representing less than 0.2% of the total population in each sample, were considered as a single taxa and labeled as "Other fungi". In each column fungal genera are listed according to their abundance.
Fig 6.
Phylogenetic trees built using unique sequences representative of sequence types (STs) of the most relevant fungal genera in terms of both abundance and/or relevance as olive fungal pathogens, along with validated reference sequences.
Reference sequences were from Pseudocercospora spp. (Crous et al. 2013) (A), Cladosporium spp. (Bensch et al., 2013) (C), Aureobasidium spp. (Zalar et al., 2008) (D), Colletotrichum acutatum s.l. (Damm et al., 2012a) (E), Colletotrichum boninense s.l. 2012 (Damm et al. 2012b) (F), and Devriesia spp. (Li et al. 2013) (B). Sequences of species closely related to Spilocaea oleagina were sourced in GenBank (B). Grey highlighted boxes contain STs identified in the present study (♦) and genetically close reference species with which they were associated. Numbers in parentheses along with STs indicate the number of identical sequences, represented by each ST. Numbers on nodes represent the posterior probabilities for the maximum likelihood method.