Fig 1.
Location of study sites in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Table 1.
Number of galls examined and of those containing the brood of species of aculeate Hymenoptera (Vespoidea, Apoidea) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea; Diptera: Asiloidea).
Fig 2.
Nests of aculeate Hymenoptera in reed galls of Lipara spp.
A–Pemphredon fabricii, whole nest, B–Trypoxylon deceptorium, detail, C–Hoplitis leucomelana, detail, D—nest with larva and pupa of Trichrysis cyanea, E—Hylaeus pectoralis, whole nest, F—parasitized nest of Trypoxylon deceptorium with one brood cell of T. deceptorium and two brood cells of Trichrysis cyanea, G—mixed nest of two species containing four white larvae of Hylaeus pectoralis (bottom) and two yellow larvae of Pemphredon fabricii (top), H—larva of the bombyliid fly Thyridanthrax fenestratus on pupa of Pemphredon fabricii. All photos by P. Bogusch.
Fig 3.
Rarefaction curve of the aculeate Hymenoptera nesting in reed galls and of their parasitoids based on all the hatched adult imagines obtained in course of this study (n = 6,951).
Numbers on the X axis indicate the number of individuals hatched (specimens).
Table 2.
Diameter of the reed stems and galls and the number of brood cells in the galls examined and in those containing the brood of species of aculeate Hymenoptera (Vespoidea, Apoidea) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea; Diptera: Asiloidea).
Table 3.
Species-specific occupancy rate of reed galls induced by Lipara spp. at least one year prior the sampling.
Fig 4.
Larvae of aculeate Hymenoptera from nests in reed galls of Lipara spp.
A—Pemphredon fabricii, whole larva, lateral view, B—Pemphredon fabricii, head, frontal view, C—Trypoxylon deceptorium, whole larva, lateral view, D—Trypoxylon deceptorium, head, frontal view, E—Hoplitis leucomelana, whole larva, lateral view, F—Hoplitis leucomelana, typical structure of setae and sensillae between body segments, G—Hylaeus pectoralis, whole larva, lateral view, H—Trichrysis cyanea, whole larva, lateral view, I—Thyridanthrax fenestratus, whole larva, lateral view. All photos by P. Bogusch.
Fig 5.
A—C—Pemphredon fabricii, A—head, frontal view, B—mandible, C—spiracle, D—F—Trypoxylon deceptorium, D—head, frontal view, E—mandible, F—spiracle, G—I—Hoplitis leucomelana, G—head, frontal view, H—mandible, I—spiracle, J—L—Hylaeus pectoralis, J—head, frontal view, K—mandible, L—spiracle, M—O—Trichrysis cyanea, M—head, frontal view, N—mandible, O—spiracle, P—R—Thyridanthrax fenestratus, P—mouthparts, frontal view, Q—mouthparts, lateral view, R—spiracle. All drawings by P. Bogusch.