Fig 1.
Visual conspicuousness of O. pumilio from the study populations for three different heterospecific (avian, snake and crab) and a conspecific observer.
Graphs show average color and brightness contrasts of dorsal and ventral measurements of reflectance, normalized for each observer. Circles indicate mean values for brightness and color contrasts, bars show standard deviation of means for each population.
Table 1.
Effects of frog population, clay frogs coloration and origin on the attack rate of different predator on clay frogs.
Fig 2.
Number of predation events in each population.
Bar coloration indicates the predator category the attack was assigned to. Light grey: U- and V-shaped attack marks caused by birds; grey: holes and scratches potentially caused by birds; and black: non-bird predation. Isla Colón and Isla Solarte are island populations, while all others are located on the main land.
Fig 3.
Predation on clay frogs of different colors.
Overall number of attacks on clay frogs from all six studied populations of O. pumilio. + P < 0.10; * P < 0.05.
Fig 4.
Correlation between dorsal overall conspicuousness of local frogs for avian eyes and avian predation on clay frogs across frog populations.
The correlation is highly significant (r = Spearman rank correlation coefficient).