Fig 1.
Conventional stained karyotype of hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), (A) and red-and-green macaw (Ara chloropterus) (B), both with 2n = 70.
Fig 2.
FISH using L. albicollis probes corresponding to GGA1 in metaphases of A. hyacinthinus.
Probes are indicated at lower left.
Fig 3.
FISH using L. albicollis probes corresponding to GGA1 in metaphases of A. chloropterus.
Probes are indicated at lower left.
Fig 4.
Homology maps showing the correspondence between probes of GGA and LAL and chromosomes of (A) A. hyacinthinus and (B) A. chloropterus.
GGA probes are indicated by colors, while LAL probes are indicated on the right of the chromosome.
Fig 5.
Scheme showing chromosomal differences between Ara chloropterus and Ara macao, based on FISH experiments using GGA probes corresponding to PAK1, 2, 4 and 10.
Table 1.
Correspondence between syntenic groups of Psitaciformes species analyzed by FISH and the putative ancestral avian karyotype (PAK) and Gallus gallus chromosomes (GGA), according to Griffin et al. (2007), Nanda et al. (2007) and Seabury et al. (2013).
Fig 6.
Schematic representation of rearrangements involving avian ancestral chromosome 1 (PAK1, homologous to GGA1) in Psittacidae, plotting FISH results in a phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing analyses.
We propose that PAK1 has split in the common ancestral of Psittaciformes and Passeriformes, and that in some species of Psittaciformes, PAK1p has undergone fusion events involving PAK4 (GGA4q) and PAK10 (GGA4p). (Legend: TRU, Turdus rufiventris; ESP, Elaenia spectabilis; NHO, Nymphicus hollandicus; MUN, Melopsittacus undulatus;; AMA, Ara macao;; ACH, Ara chloropterus; AHY, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus; ARO, Agapornis roseicollis; GGA, Gallus gallus; LAL, Leucopternis albicollis; PAK putative ancestral avian karyotype; * ancestral).