Table 1.
Primers information and RT-qPCR conditions used in the trials.
Fig 1.
Visualization of OR51E1 tissue distribution in the gastrointestinal tract.
A = cardia, B = fundus, C = pylorus, D = duodenum, E = jejunum, F = ileum, G = cecum, H = colon, I = rectum, L = pylorus, control (without primary antibody). Scale bar = 100 μm. The OR51E1 immunostaining distribution is mostly in the bottom half of the mucosa in each tissue. There is a higher density of OR51E1+cells found in the gastric mucosa (A–C) with a peak density in the pylorus (C). The morphology of the OR51E1+ cells, as magnified in a small square on each picture is generally of the close-type with a round shape but sometimes they show an open-type morphology with a triangular shape (e.g. Fig 1, E, G, H), particularly in the top half of the mucosa, closer to the lumen.
Fig 2.
Visualization of OR51E1 co-localization with enteroendocrine cells and some hormones.
A–F = pylorus, G-I = colon, L–N = pylorus, control (without primary antibodies). Scale bars = 100 μm. Almost all the OR51E1+ cells have an overlapping staining with the cells positive for the enteroendocrine marker chromogranin A (A, B, merged in C) showing the endocrine nature of these cells. A subset of these cells also contain hormones such as serotonin (C, D, merged in E) and peptide YY (G, H, merged in I) suggesting a possible role for OR51E1 in the control of hormone release. In control images only erythrocytes showed an auto-fluorescence.
Fig 3.
Immunostainings for OR51E1, chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin (5HT) and peptide YY (PYY) in different mucosae of the GIT.
Counts (with standard errors of means) of: A) OR51E+ cells. PL = DU>CA = FU> JE = IL = CE = CO = RE (A,B,C: p<0.01); B) cells co-staining (= Merged) or not, for OR51E1 and CgA; C) cells co-staining (= Merged) or not, for OR51E1 and 5HT in jejunum; D) cells co-staining (= Merged) or not, for OR51E1 and PYY in colon.
Fig 4.
Effects of antibiotic treatment of sows in gestation—lactation (A), offspring gastric tissue location (FU = fundic; PL = pyloric) (B), and offspring age (weaning at 28 days) (C), on relative gene expression of OR51E1 in the stomach.
Bars represent standard errors. No statistically significant interaction between the factors was seen. Orthogonal contrast analyses were conducted as follows: 4A: control vs. Antibiotic treatment (all ages and gastric sites considered) (α;β: p = 0.073); 4B: Fundic vs. Pyloric region (all sows’ treatments (CTL and ANTB) and age at slaughter considered) (A,B: p = 0.005); and 4C: Suckling (day 18 + day 21 + day 28) vs. weaned (day 42) period (all sows’ treatments (CTL and ANTB), age at slaughter and gastric site considered).
Fig 5.
Effects of early association with simple (SA) or complex microbiota (CA) to piglets in the post natal phase, and of intestinal loop treatment (pre-perfusion with saline, Lactobacillus amylovorus or ETEC) at 4 to 5 weeks of age on the relative gene expression of OR51E1, after 8 h of loop perfusion.
Bars represent standard errors. No statistically significant interaction between the factors was observed. 4A) Effect of early microbiota association (A, B: p = 0.003); 4B) Effect of loop pre-perfusion treatment; statistical significance is against saline treatment (A, B: p<0.001), ETEC = enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88; LAM = Lactobacillus amylovorus; CTRL = saline.