Fig 1.
Developmental anatomy of Psidium cattleianum leaves.
(a) Early developmental stage of the leaf, with uniseriate epidermis derived from marginal initial (white asterisk), ground meristem derived from submarginal initial (black asterisk) divided into two adaxial layers (AdL), two median layers (ML), and two abaxial layers (AbL). Procambium (arrow head) differentiates from the median layers of the ground meristem. (b) Young leaf with uniseriate epidermis, three-layered AdL, six-layered ML, three-layered AbL, and collateral vascular bundles (arrow head). Developing oil glands (OG) differentiate both from the adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces. (c) Mature leaves with uniseriate epidermis, one-layered hypodermis (H), three-layered palisade parenchyma (PP) and eight-layered spongy parenchyma (SP). Mature vascular bundles (arrow head) and oil glands (OG) are observed. Bars: (a) 50 μm; (b, c) 100 μm.
Fig 2.
Developmental anatomy of Nothotrioza cattleiani galls at the stage of induction.
(a) General view, showing the growth of projections (arrows) over the first instar nymph (N) to form the nymphal chamber (NC). Gall cortex has three-layered inner cortex (IC), six-layered median cortex (MC) and three-layered outer cortex (OC), and redifferentiated procambium strands (arrow heads). (b) Detail of the projections with sites of tissue hyperplasia (arrow heads) in the hypodermis (H) and palisade parenchyma (PP). (c) Detail of median cortical cells with hyaline protoplasts and conspicuous nuclei and nucleoli. (d) Detail of outer cortical cells with slightly hypertrophied cells, anticlinal cell divisions (arrow head) and phenolic inclusions in the protoplast (asterisk). Bars: (a) 100 μm; (b-d) 50 μm.
Fig 3.
Developmental anatomy of Nothotrioza cattleiani galls at the stage of growth and development.
(a) General view of three galls, with thin walls (W) and ample nymphal chamber (NC). (b) Detail of gall cortex with reduced inner cortex (IC), and hyperplasic median (MC) and outer (OC) cortices. Vascular bundles (arrow heads) are distributed closest to the nymphal chamber in the MC, and the oil glands (OG) differentiate exclusively from to outer epidermis in the OC. (c) Detail of the uniseriate inner epidermis, inner cortical cells with phenolic inclusions (asterisk), and vascular bundles with few tracheal elements, and abundant phloem and parenchyma (arrow head). (d) Detail of the median cortical cells with hyaline protoplasts and conspicuous nuclei (asterisks). (e) Detail of outer cortical cells with phenolic inclusions (asterisk). Oil glands are fully developed. Bars: (a) 2 mm; (b) 200 μm; (c-e) 50 μm.
Fig 4.
Developmental anatomy of Nothotrioza cattleiani galls.
(a-d) Stage of maturation. (e-h) Stage of senescence. (a) Detail of hypertrophied inner epidermal cells lining the nymphal chamber (arrow head), inner cortical cells with phenolic inclusions (asterisk) and collateral vascular bundles with equal portions of xylem (X) and phloem (Ph). (b) Detail of hypertrophied and anticlinally elongated median cortical cells with hyaline protoplasts (asterisks), and the outer cortical cells with phenolic inclusions. (c) Detail of live sclereids at the middle of the outer cortex, with phenolic inclusions and thick secondary walls (SW). (d) Detail of the periclinally elongated outermost cortical cell layers adjacent to the outer epidermis (asterisk) in contact with the external environment (EE). (e) Detail of inner epidermal (asterisk) lining the nymphal chamber (NC), and inner cortical cells (arrow head); median cortical cells with secondary lignified cell walls (SW) and phenolic inclusions. (f) Detail of phenolic substances accumulated in the anticlinally elongated median cortical cells (asterisk). (g) Detail of the outer cortical cells and outer epidermis with secondary walls (SW) and vacuolated non-lignified cells. (h) Detail of necrotic sites in the gall apex that lead to gall dehiscence. Bars: 50 μm.
Table 1.
Dynamics of cell hypertrophy during the ontogenesis of Psidium cattleianum leaves and Nothotrioza cattleiani galls (mean cell area- μm² ± standard deviation).
Table 2.
Directions of cell expansion and degree of isotropy/anisotropy during the ontogenesis of Psidium cattleianum leaves and Nothotrioza cattleiani galls (μm ± standard deviation).
Fig 5.
Development-dependent immunolabelling of plant cell wall pectins and proteins during the development of Psidium cattleianum leaves and Nothotrioza myrtoidis galls.
Gray scale labels indicate different ontogenetic tissues and the filling in the perpendicular bars indicates positive binding of low methylesterified homogalacturonans by the JIM5 antibody, medium-high methylesterified homogalacturonans by the JIM 7 antibody, extensins by the LM1 antibody, arabinogalactan proteins by the LM2 antibody, galactans and arabinans by the LM5 and LM6 antibodies, and unesterified HGAs and high methylesterified HGAs by the LM19 and LM20 antibodies. (a) Young leaves, (b) Mature leaves, (c-f) Galls, (c) Induction, (d) Growth and development, (e) Maturation, (f) Senescence.
Fig 6.
Immunocytochemistry of plant cell wall pectins and proteins during the development of non-galled leaves of Psidium cattleianum and galls induced by Nothotrioza myrtoidis.
(a, b) Young leaves, (c, d) Mature leaves, (e-p) Galls, (e, f) Induction, (g, h) Growth and development, (i-n) Maturation, (o, p) Senescence. (a, c, f, h-n, p) Continuous signal of the labelling of ubiquitous epitopes, (b, d, e, g, o) Discontinuous signal of the labelling of microdomains of epitopes, (a, g, o) Low methylesterified homogalacturonans (HGAs), (b, i-k) Galactans, (c) Medium-high HGAs, (d) Unesterified HGAs, (e) Extensins, (f, l-n) Arabinans, (h) Arabinogalactan proteins, (p) High methylesterified HGAs. E: epidermis; GM: ground meristem; IC: inner cortex; IE: inner epidermis; MC: median cortex; NCh: nymphal chamber; OC: outer cortex; OE: Outer epidermis; OG: oil gland; VB: vascular bundle. Bars: 50 μm.