Fig 1.
Map showing the localities of the fossil sites noted in text.
Fig 2.
Upper teeth of extinct and extant mystacinid species.
A–B, Mystacina miocenalis sp. nov., St Bathans, Central Otago, New Zealand; Early Miocene. A, holotype, CM2013.18.381, right M1. B, paratype, MNZ S.52355, left M2. C–D, Mystacina tuberculata, Predator Cave, Takaka Hill, Nelson, NZ; Holocene. NMNZ S.32400. C, left M1. D, left M2. E, Mystacina robusta, Exhale Air Cave, Ellis Basin, Mt Arthur, Nelson, NZ; Holocene. NMNZ S.35205, left P4-M3. F, Icarops paradox, Judith’s Horizontalis Site, Riversleigh, Queensland Australia; Early Miocene. QM F30582, left P4-M3. G, Icarops sp., Outasite, Riversleigh; Early Miocene. QM F30586, left M1. Abbreviations: c, cingulum; mcl, metaconule; me, metacone; ml, metaloph; ms, mesostyle; mt, metastyle; pa, paracone; pcl, paraconule; pf, profossa; pl, paraloph; pr, protocone; ps, parastyle. To scale; bar = 2 mm.
Table 1.
Measurements (mm) of upper teeth (P4-M2) and postcranial remains (humerus and radius) of St Bathans Early Miocene mystacinids (bold) compared with summary statistics for those elements in New Zealand Quaternary Mystacina species and Australian Oligo–Miocene Icarops species.
Fig 3.
Simple linear regression plots (OLS) with 95% confidence limits (blue lines) of dental and postcranial measurements of mystacinids (Table 1).
A, Posterior upper premolar width (P4W) against first upper molar width (M1W). B, Distal humerus width (HDW) against first upper molar length (M1L). Square in each graph indicates M1 of Mystacina miocenalis plotted against value for the largest specimens of P4 and HD (respectively) for mystacinids previously recovered from St Bathans [7]. Mystacina tuberculata (filled circle), M. robusta (open circle), Icarops paradox (filled triangle), I. aenae (open triangle).
Table 2.
List of palynomorphs recorded from the St Bathans Mystacina fossil locality (H41/f061), and from three other sites (H41/f100, H41/f101, H41/f102) stratigraphically higher in the same section.
Fig 4.
Schematic reconstruction of the forest habitat on the shores of paleolake Manuherikia, South Island, New Zealand in the early Miocene.