Table 1.
Effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) administration on growth parameters in ob/ob mice.
Table 2.
Effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) administration on serum parameters in ob/ob mice.
Fig 1.
Effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) on the development of NAFLD in ob/ob Mice.
(A) Representative HE histology of the liver from control or BCG-treated ob/ob mice are demonstrated. Solid and open arrow heads indicate examples of macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis, grrespectively. White arrows in the BCG group indicates granulomatous lesions induced by BCG. Steatosis score (B) and hepatic triglyceride content (C) is represented as the mean ± SEM for six mice. Asterisk shows the significant differences when compared to the control group (**, P < 0.01).
Fig 2.
Effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) on Lipid Metabolism in the Livers of ob/ob Mice.
(A) mRNA levels of genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver. Acaca, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; Acacb, acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta; Fasn, fatty acid synthase; Scd1, steroyl-CoA desaturase 1; Me1, malic enzyme 1; G6pdx, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Cpt1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a; Lipe, hormone sensitive lipase; Acox, acyl-CoA oxidase 1; Ucp2, uncoupling protein 2; Adipor, adiponectin receptor. (B) The key lipogenic and lipolytic enzyme activities in the liver. Each value represents the mean ± SEM for six mice. Asterisk shows the significant differences when compared to the control group (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).
Fig 3.
Effects of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) on Serum Adiponectin Levels and Insulin Sensitivity in ob/ob Mice.
(A) Serum levels of total, high molecular weight (HMW), and non-HMW adiponectin. The non-HMW adiponectin level was calculated as total adiponectin level–high HMW adiponectin. (B) Serum glucose and insulin levels. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as follows: fasting glucose (mg/dL) × fasting insulin (μU/mL)/405. Each value represents the mean ± SEM for six mice. Asterisk shows significant differences when compared to the control group (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).
Fig 4.
Effect of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) on lipogenesis and Palmitate-induced Endplasmic Reticulum Stress and Insulin Tolerance in HepG2 Cells.
(A)The mRNA levels of lipogenic-related genes. (B) The mRNA levels of ER stress-related genes. (C) Relative ratios of spliced/total XBP1 mRNA. (D) The phosphorylation state of Akt (Ser473). Each value represents the mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments. Different letters indicate significant differences among each experimental group (P < 0.05).